Class 
Book. 




/ i 



Gqp^l^i 



CQFBUCHT DEPOSm 



AMERICAN HISTORY 



FOR SCHOOLS 






ACCOMPANIED WITH 



NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS FROM ORIGINAL DESIGNS, 
AND COLORED 31 APS. 




BY 

\ 

G. P. QUACKENBOS, LL. D., 

AtriHOB OF "first lessons in composition," "advanced course of composition 

AND BDETORIC," "AN ENGLISH GRAMMAR," "ILLUSTRATED 
LESSONS IN OUR LANGUAGE," ETC. 

NEW YOEK 
D. APPLETON AND COMPANY, 

549 AND 551 BROADWAT. 

187 7. 



w 



E:ni 



f< 



BY THE SAME AUTHOR. 



Illustrated School Ilistonj of the United States: A Comprehensive 
Treatise, containing a full Account of the Aborigines, Biographical Notices of Distin- 
guished Men, numerous Maps, Plans of Battle-fields, and Pictorial Illustrations. 12mo, 
550 pages. 

Elenientaru History of the United States : Made easy and interesting 
for beginners. With numerous Illustrations and Maps. IGmo, 216 pages. 

Illustrated lessons in, Our Lanr/nage ; or, How to Speak and Write Cor- 
rectly. Designed to teach children English Grammar without its Technicalities. 16mo, 
ISO pages. 



ft 



Entered, accordmg to Act of Congress, in the year ISTT, by 

G. P. QUACKENBOS, 

In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. 



PEEFAOE 



The calls that have been made on the Author for a text-book on the 
history of our country, intermediate in size between his larger and his 
Elementary History of the United States, have led to the preparation of the 
present volume. It is an entirely new work, freshly compiled, — different 
from, and independent of, the manuals just mentioned ; and it is hoped that 
it may meet the wants of teachers who desire a course brief while it is 
complete, and interesting while it is condensed. 

Accuracy and impartiality in stating facts have been the author's spe- 
cial aim. lie has earnestly labored to avoid the use of fragmentary para- 
graphs, devoid of logical connection ; to clothe the narrative in an attractive 
style ; to accompany it with abundant maps and illustrations that will throw 
light upon the text ; to adapt it to the improved modern methods of teach- 
ing ; and to awaken in the student a taste for historical reading. In the 
behef that the history of a country is something besides a mere record 
of its battles, revolutions, and conquests, it has been attempted to give an 
idea of the state of society at different times, and to show the improve- 
ments in domestic life, as well as the more important inventions and dis- 
coveries, that indicate the progress and intellectual growth of the people. 

In the different systems of topical reviews — analytical, geographical, 
chronological, and biographical — appended to the several chapters, and in 
the presentation of a bird's-eye view of contemporaneous events at certain 
periods, it is believed a feature will be found that will meet with general 
approval. While many teachers pursue methods of their own deduced 
from experience, it may be well for those who have no better system to 
follow the suggestions thrown out in connection with these reviews for 
their practical use. 

New York, June ^8, 187Y. 



In the figured pronunciation, sound a like a \n fate ; a like a in India ; 
eand eh like e in met ; ow like ow in cow ; u like the French u ; gh like g 
in go ; n like the French nasal n. 



CONTENTS. 



I. The "Western Continent, 

II. Discoveries of Columbus, 

III. Mound-Builders. — Indians. — Esquimaux, 

IV. Early Discoveries of Different Nations, 
V. Early English Voyages. — Settlement of Virginia, . 

VI. Dutch Settlements. — New France, . 
VII. First Settlements in New England, 
VIII. Settlement of Connecticut, Maryland, and Delaware, 
IX. The New World from 1640 to 16'75, . 
X. King Philip's War. — Bacon's Rebellion, . 

XI. Founding of Pennsylvania, 

XII. The New World at the Close of the Seventeenth Century, 

XIII. Queen Anne's War. — Settlement of Georgia. — The South-west 

XIV. King George's War. — Washington's Mission, 
XV. French and Indian War begun, 

XVI. French and Indian War concluded, 
XVII. The Eve of the Revolution, 
XVIII. Beginning of the Revolution, 
XIX. Revolutionary War: Events of 1776, 
XX. Revolutionary War: Events of 1777, . 
XXI. Revolutionary War.* Events of 1778-1779, 
XXII. Revolutionary War: Events of 1780, . 

XXIII. Revolutionary War: Events of 1781, 

XXIV. Close of the Revolutionary War.— Formation of the i 

stitution, 

XXV. The Early Presidents, .... 
XXVI. War with Great Britain, 1812-1815, . 
XXVII. After the War of 1812, .... 
XXVIII. The Mexican War, .... 
XXIX. Taylor, Fillmore, Pierce, Buchanan, 
XXX. The Civil War, 1861-1865, . 
XXXI. Events since the Civil War, 
Declaration of Independence. 
Constitution of the United States. 



PAGE 

5 

9 

15 

26 

39 

51 

56 

67 

75 

83 

88 

92 

101 

107 

111 

118 

126 

139 

147 

158 

168 

176 

184 



193 

life 

218 

231 

248 
256 
264 
292 



AMERICAN HISTORY. 



CHAPTER I. 

THE WESTERN CONTINENT. 

The Fifteenth Century (extending from 1400 to 1500 
A. D.) was an era of great changes in Europe. It put an 
end to the darkness of the Middle Ages. It witnessed the 
revival of learning and science, and the birth of many use- 
ful arts, among which not the least was Printing. The in- 
vention of the Mariner's Compass in the preceding century 
having enabled sailors to go out of sight of land, a thirst 
for exploring unknown seas was awakened. Long voyages 
were undertaken, and important discoveries made. It was 
in this age of mental activity and growing knowledge that 
America was discovered. 

America is often called the New World ; not that it is 
younger than the other continents, but because at the time 
of its discovery in 1492 it was unknown, or neu\ to Euro- 
peans. It is also called the Western Continent, to distin- 
guish it from the Eastern, which embraces Europe, Asia, 
and Africa, — and the South-eastern, or Australia. 

Position of the Western Continent. — The map on the next 
page shows how these continents lie. The Western is sep- 
arated from the Eastern, on one side by the Atlantic Ocean, 
varying in width from 800 to 3,600 miles ; and on the other, 
by the Pacific. 

The Pacific, from its greatest width of 10,000 miles nar- 



G 



THE WESTERN CONTINENT. 



rows toward the north by reason of the convergence of the 
shores. It will be seen from the map that the north-west- 
ern point of the Western Continent approaches verj'- near 
to the north-eastern extremity of Asia. Behring (beer' mg) 
Strait, which separates them, at its narrowest part, is only 
thirty-six miles wide. 




Size.— Divisions. — The Western Continent includes more 
than one-fourth of the land-surface of the earth. It is 
nearly divided by an arm of the Atlantic into two parts, dis- 
tinguished as North and South America, connected by the 
Isthmus of Panama {pan-a-mah'), or Darien\ 

The present territory of the United States embraces 
nearly half of North America, and one-fourth of the entire 
continent. The other half of North America is composed 
of the British Possessions, Mexico, and the republics of 
Central America. In South America are included the em- 
pire of Brazil and a number of independent republics. 

Natural Features. — The natural features of the New 
World are on the grandest scale. Its lakes and rivers, un- 
surpassed in size and number, afford wonderful facilities for 
inland navigation. It is traversed throughout its length by 
a vast mountain-chain, containing numerous snow-crowned 



ANIMAL LIFE. 



peaks and volcanoes of stupendous grandeur. From this 
great chain spread out immense table-lands, which lose 
themselves in low plains rendered fruitful by the streams 
that intersect them. Six-sevenths of the soil is capable of 
cultivation, and much of it is unsurpassed in fertility. In- 
valuable fields of coal, and rich deposits of the useful and 
precious metals, are found in various parts. 

Animal Life. — Remains found buried beneath the surface 
show that gigantic animals, now extinct, once inhabited the 
Western Continent. Among these were the mammoth, a 
clumsy, hairy ani- 
mal resembling 
the elephant, — 
the mas'todon, 
similar in appear- 
ance but larger, 
with tusks over 
ten feet long, — 
and a tenant of 
the waters, seven- 
ty feet in length. 

The wild ani- 
mals now found 
in America, how- 
ever, are mostly inferior to the corresponding ones of the 
Old World. The lion of the Eastern Continent is here re- 
placed by the puma (panther, or cougar), the tiger by the 
jag'uar, the rhinoceros by the tapir, the camel by the llama. 
But to the New World belong the largest members of the 
bear and the deer family. 

The horse, the ox, and other domestic animals, were in- 
troduced by Europeans after the discovery of the continent. 
Among birds, the wild-turkey, the toucan, and the humming- 
bird are peculiar to America. 

Discovery by Norsemen. — We have said that America 




The Mammoth. 



8 



THE WESTERN CONTINENT. 



was discovered in the fifteenth century; but the northern 
parts of the continent were known to the bold sailors of 
Norway nearly five hundred years before. Iceland (see 
Map below), discovered by accident, was colonized by these 
Norsemen {N'orthmen) in 874 ; and somewhat later a Nor- 
wegian navigator, attempting to reach the island, was driven 



n^xcTN 




by a storm to the south-west. Here he discovered a snowy 
headland, which he named Hvidsaerk (tohite shirt), and 
which is now known as Cape Farewell, the southern extrem- 
ity of Greenland. 

No attempt to follow up this discovery appears to have 
been made for more than a hundred years ; till finally Red 
Er'ic, compelled to fly from Iceland, sought this distant 
coast of which traditions were still preserved, found it, and 
spent three years in exploring the surrounding waters. 
Through his efforts, the Greenland coast was speedily set- 
tled ; and in the year 1000 one of Eric's sons sailed thence 
to the south-west in quest of new discoveries. He coasted 
the mainland for many miles, sighted Cape Cod, and finally 
wintered in what he called Vinland (vine-land), supposed 
to be identical with parts of Rhode Island and Massachu- 
setts. 



SCANDINAVIAN SETTLEMENTS. 9 

Many subsequent voyages were made to the American 
mainland for wood, and it was even attempted to plant a 
permanent colony in Vinland, — but without success, on ac- 
count of the hostility of the natives. 

After three centuries of prosperity, however, the Scan- 
dinavian colonies in Greenland began to decay. Emigration 
thither was forbidden ; " the black death " carried off many 
of the people, and the rest fell victims to the natives, and to 
a piratical fleet which made a descent upon the coast. With 
the unfortunate colonists died out all knowledge of Vinland, 
except what was buried in Icelandic records and traditions. 
The Western Continent, once more lost to the civilized 
world, remained to be rediscovered by the genius of Co- 
lumbus. 

questions on the maps. 

3lap, p. 6. — Which is the largest of the three continents shown? 
Which is the smallest ? Which extends farthest south ? What would be 
the most direct way of reaching the Western Continent from Europe ? 
From Africa ? From Asia ? Which of the oceans is the largest ? AVhat 
part of the Pacific is broadest ? What part is narrowest ? What three 
grand divisions constitute the Old World ? What two, the New World ? 

Mai), P' S What were Norway and Sweden anciently called? 

What islands lie about midway between Norway and Iceland? In what 
part of Greenland were the Norse settlements ? What land south-west from 
Greenland ? Describe the route of the Norsemen to the New World. 



CHAPTER II. 

DISCOVERIES OF COLUMBUS. 

Christopher Columbus was born about 143e5, at Genoa, 
then one of the leading commercial cities of Italy. Well 
grounded in geography, astronomy, and navigation, at the 



10 DISCOVERIES OF COLUMBUS. 

age of fourteen he went to sea, and for the next twenty- 
eight years was engaged in various voyages, — extending 
beyond Iceland on the north, southward to Guinea, and as 
far west as the Azores', which islands the Portuguese had 
discovered shortly before. 

The profitable East Indian trade, carried on at this time 
by way of the Mediterranean and the Red Sea, was chiefly 
in the hands of Venice. The two most enterprising mari- 
time countries were Portugal and Spain. Portuguese navi- 
gators had coasted Africa to its southern extremity ; which, 
in the anticipation of reaching the Indies by rounding it, 
they had called the Cape of Good Hope. Their voyages 
had proved that the earth was not, as once believed, encir- 
cled by a belt of impassable heat at the equator ; but super- 
stitious fears of terrible storms, frightful monsters, and a 
" Sea of Darkness " out of which a gigantic hand would rise 
to crush the too venturesome mariner, had prevented any 
attempts to explore the western waters of the Atlantic. 

The shape of the earth and its revolution round the sun 
had not at this time been established. Most that was known 
of Eastern Asia was derived from the wonderful stories of 
Marco Polo, who had drawn lively pictures of Cathay' (Chi- 
na), with its mountains of precious stones and lakes of 
pearls, — and of Cipango (Japan), with its golden-floored 
palace and other marvels of wealth — but had conveyed lit- 
tle geographical knowledge that could be relied on. 

The studies of Columbus had convinced him that the 
earth was round ; and, supposing it to be much smaller than 
it really is, he believed that Asia could be easily reached by 
standing boldly out across the unknown Atlantic. 

Various objects evidently not of European origin had 
been driven by w^est winds on the Azores ; among them, the 
bodies of two men that seemed of a new race. Whence 
could they come, but from some land across the ocean? 
This land Columbus determined to reach ; but he was poor 



HIS FIRST VOYAGE. 11 

— he had no ships. He must enlist some state in the enter- 
prise, and thus obtain the necessary outfit. Full of religious 
enthusiasm, he regarded this voyage to the western seas as 
his peculiar mission, and himself (as his name Christopher 
imports) the appointed Christ-hearer^ or Gospel-hearer^ to 
the natives of the new lands he felt that he was destined 
to discover. 

First Voyage of ColumuUS. — x\fter unsuccessful negotia- 
tions with the king of Portugal, Columbus in 1484 betook 
himself to the court of Spain. Ferdinand and Isabella, 
the sovereigns of that countrv, were then warring with 
the Moors, and their treasury was wellnigh exhausted. Yet 
Isabella, though the plans of Columbus after years of dis- 
couraging delay were condemned as visionary by a council 
of her learned men, was at length persuaded to fit out two 
vessels for the voyage. To these small car'avels, which had 
no decks and would now be regarded as unfit even for coast- 
ing purposes, Columbus, with the aid of his friends, added a 
third and larger vessel. Men having with difficulty been 
obtained, and Columbus having been furnished with a letter 
from the king and queen to the Grand Khan of Tartary, the 
little squadron sailed August 3, 1492, from Palos (2Kih'loce), 
a seaport on the south-western coast of Spain. 

The trials of the voyage commenced when the farthest 
land of the Canaries faded from sight (September 9tli). 
Then the hearts of the sailors failed, and many gave way to 
tears. Columbus vainly strove to quiet their fears ; and 
when, after many days passed without sight of the ex- 
pected land, it was found that the needle varied from the 
north, despair almost drove them to mutiny and throw their 
commander overboard. Columbus, however, kept on with 
unfaltering faith ; and soon, to his delight, indications of the 
neighborhood of land appeared. Watching throughout the 
night himself in eager expectation, he beheld a dim moving 
light. The joyful cry of "Land ! " was raised ; and when 



12 



DISCOVERIES OF COLUMBUS. 



day dawned (October 12th), a wooded island w^as seen in the 
distance, with wondering natives crowded on the shore. 

At sunrise Columbus and his officers landed. His first 
act was to kneel down, and thank God with tears ; his sec- 
ond, to unfurl the royal banner and take possession of the 




Xlctl PTION OF COLIMI I ■s 1 \ llIUINVND VND Is VLLLL V, ON UIS EETl FN 



country in the name of his sovereigns, receiving the homage 
of his men, and of the natives, who looked upon the Span- 
iards as gods come down to earth. The land thus discovered 
was San Salvador', or Guanahani (gioaJi-naJi-haJi'ne), one 
of the Baha'mas (see Map, p. 38). 

Columbus next directed his course to the south, and dis- 
covered Cuba, Hispanio'la — now called Hayti (hate) — and 



HIS LATER VOYAGES. 13 

other islands. On Hispaniola he left some of his men as a 
colon}^ ; and setting out on his return with several of the 
natives and specimen products of the New World, after 
riding out a terrible storm, he reached Palos in safety. 
Roaring cannon and pealing bells heralded his progress to 
the court of Ferdinand and Isabella, where he was hailed as 
the great discoverer of his age. 

His Subsequent Voyages. — Columbus made a second voy- 
age in 1493, taking out a number of adventurers as settlers ; 
in the course of this expedition, Jamaica and Porto Rico 
(re'ko) were visited. A third voyage (1498) resulted in the 
discovery of Trinidad and the mainland of South America. 
The object of his fourth voyage (1502) was to find a pas- 
sage to India by keeping on to the west. He failed of 
course in this, but explored the coast of Central America for 
many miles. Obliged to beach his weather-beaten vessels 
on the coast of Jamaica, after many hardships he succeeded 
in making his way to Hispaniola, and thence to Spain, — 
only to find Queen Isabella dead, Ferdinand ungrateful, and 
to drag out his two remaining years in poverty and gloom. 

To the very close of his life, Columbus had no idea that 
he had discovered a new continent, but supposed the lands 
he had reached to be outlying islands of India. In this 
belief, he called the natives Indians. 

Administration of Columbus. — In his original commission 
Columbus had been appointed viceroy of all the lands he 
should discover, and in this capacity he ruled the colony 
planted under his auspices in Hispaniola. During his long 
absences, however, affairs were badly managed, and com- 
plaints were raised against his administration. The settlers 
became rebellious. The proud Spaniards whom he tried to 
force to honest labor could ill tolerate the orders of a for- 
eigner of humble birth, whose high honors they envied. 
Their expectations of sudden riches were disappointed, and 
no less the king's, who had hoped to swell his revenues 



14: DISCOVERIES OF COLUMBUS. 

with the storied treasures of Cathay. Nor did the viceroy's 
enslavement of the natives, who rapidly wasted away under 
the cruel exactions of the Spaniards and were even exported 
to Spain for sale, please the gentle Isabella. 

Accordingly, in 1406 Columbus found it necessary to 
return to Spain, to defend himself against the intrigues of 
his enemies. He succeeded in regaining the royal favor ; 
but on landing at Hispaniola after his third voyage, he 
found affairs worse than ever. Sickness prevailed ; famine 
was imminent ; disorder was everywhere. Hardly had he 
resumed the reins of government, when an agent of the 
crown appeared, who treated the great discoverer as a con- 
victed criminal and sent him back in irons to Spain. 

His authority was never restored. Though he was sent 
out, as we have seen, on a fourth voyage, it was with an 
inferior outfit and without his former powers. Even when 
merely seeking temporary safety from an approaching tem- 
pest in his own harbor at Hispaniola, he was peremptorily 
ordered to leave by the governor. It seems a righteous 
retribution that, in the hurricane which followed, fourteen 
ships just sailing from the island went to the bottom v/ith 
the enemies of Columbus and their ill-gotten gains, while 
the little fleet that had been driven from the harbor sur- 
vived the storm. 

Under the successors of Columbus the colony grew, 
while the natives, wholly unfit for the hard labor imposed 
on them by their taskmasters, perished by thousands, and 
in a few years became extinct. To supply their place, Af- 
ricans were imported, and slavery became an established 
institution of the Spanish colonies. 

Cuba was overrun, its natives were subdued, and various 
Spanish settlements made on the island, early in the six- 
teenth century. 

Name of the New World. — In poetry the New World is 
often called Columbia, and certainly that should have been 



NAME OF THE NEW WOELD. 15 

its name. But the first detailed account of the newly-discov- 
ered lands was written by Amerigo Vespucci {aJi-yna-re'go 
ves-poot'she)^ a Florentine residing in Spain. In 1499 he fol- 
lowed the track of Columbus in a private expedition, and 
on a subsequent voyage, in the service of Portugal, coasted 
South America to its southern extremity. Plis letter at- 
tracted much attention ; and a German, republishing it in a 
geographical work in 1507, gave the whole continent the 
name of America from this Amerigo, whom he unjustly 
represented as its discoverer. 



CONTEMPORARY EVENTS AND RULERS. 

1492. — America discovered by Columbus. — Granada {gra-naW diX\ 
the last stronghold of the Moors in Spain, taken by Ferdinand and Isa- 
bella. The Jews expelled from Spain. Spain becomes a strong consoli- 
dated monarchy. John II. king of Portugal. France a powerful kingdom 
under Charles VIII. England advancing in prosperity under Henry VII. 
Alexander VI. (Borgia) elected pope. Last year of Lorenzo the Magtiifi- 
cent in Florence. Ivan III. {e-vahn) the Great, czar of Muscovy (Russia). 
Copernicus, the discoverer of the true system of the universe, nineteen 
years old. 



CHAPTER III. 

MO UND-B UILDERS.— INDIANS.— ESQ UIMA UX. 

The West Indian Natives. — The natives whom Columbus 
found on the islands he visited, were of a different race from 
Europeans. They were erect, well-formed, and copper-col- 
ored. They had long black hair, but no beards ; wore gay 
feather head-dresses, but little or no clothing ; were fond of 
ornament — gentle, grateful, and friendly when well treated, 
fierce when provoked by wrong. The Red Men of the 
mainland farther north, with whom the subsequent explor- 
ers came in contact, were of the same race and general ap- 



16 



THE MOUND-BUILDEKS. 



pearance, but warlike and ferocious, crafty and treacherous, 
and more barbarous than the islanders in their habits and 
modes of life. 

Origin of the Natives. — Whence, how, and when Amer- 
ica was first peopled, is unknown. But whether it was first 
reached from the Atlantic coast of Europe, by vessels driven 
over by stress of weather, — or from the Pacific shores of 
Asia, by wanderers making their way from island to island, 
—or by crossing Behring Strait, through which a current 
sets toward the American shore, and which in severe sea- 
sons is frozen over, — one thing is certain, that it was settled 
at a very remote date. 

The Mound-builders. — Remains found in different parts of 
America show that, many hundred years ago, parts of the 
continent were thickly inhabited by a people possessed of 

great mechanical 
and architectural 
skill, such as the 
later Indians have 
never displayed. 
Among these re- 
mains may be 
mentioned vases 
of elegant pat- 
tern, isinglass 
mirrors, pipe- 
bowls with quaint 
carvings, well- 
burned bricks laid 
in fireplaces and 
chimneys, and a 
great variety of 
copper ornaments and implements. These have been found 
at various depths beneath the surface ; in some cases, under 
trees that have been growing for centuries. 




Mound at Maiuetta, Ohio. 



RELICS OF THE MOUND-BUILDEES. 

2 3 C3PT- 4 



17 




E E LI C S 
OF THE 

Mound-build ers. 



1, 2, 3, 4, stone pipe-bowls ; 5, earth- 
en pipe; 6, earthen vase; 7, water-cool- 
er ; 8, 9, mortar and pestle ; 10, speci- 
men of pottery; 11, copper knife; 12, 
stone bill, or mace ; 13, two awls of bone ; 14, 
stone hatchet; 15, drill ; 16, copper spear-head; 
17, stone arrow-head; 18, hammer-head; 19, 
copper wrist-bands ; 20, instrument for making twine. 



The most remarkable relics, however, are the 
mounds and earthworks which are scattered 
through parts of the United States, Mexico, and 
Central America, to the number of many tliousand, 
and which have procured for the early race with whom they 
originated the name of Mound-builders. 

These works seem to have been thrown up for purposes 
of defence, observation, or worship, — or else served as 
burial-places and g-arden-beds. Some of the mounds are 
nearly a hundred feet high ; many of the embankments ex- 
tend for miles ; and, as there were no beasts of burden to 



18 THE MOUND-BUI LDEKS. 

draw the earth, multitudes must have engaged in their con- 
struction. To support the workmen while thus laboring, 
other multitudes must have tilled the soil. From these 
mounds many of the relics just mentioned have been taken ; 
also, half-burned wood (perhaps the remains of altar-fires), 
skeletons nearly turned to dust, and skulls quite different 
from those of the Indians. 

Animal-Mounds. — Some of the earthworks in Wiscon- 
sin, Iowa, and Ohio, are especially curious, representing by 
their shape different animals in relief, — men with out- 
stretched arms, birds with wings extended, fish, and various 
mathematical figures. In one, the form of an elephant can 
be distinctly traced ; in another, that of an alligator. A 
third, over a thousand feet long, represents a serpent, — the 
body extended in graceful curves, the tail coiled, and the 
open jaws enclosing an oval mound of regular outline. 

Ruins. — No less interesting are the ruins of ancient 
P3^ramids and temples in Mexico and Central America, and 
of massive stone fortresses in New Mexico and elsewhere. 
The sites selected for defence were generally well chosen ; 
and some of the fortifications were provided with moats, 
parallel walls, and covered ways, which display great skill in 
engineering. There is no evidence of the use of iron by the 
mound-builders, but they turned copper to good account, 
and drew largely, as do we, on the rich deposits of this 
metal near Lake Superior. They also carried on the manu- 
facture of salt in Illinois. 

How these mound-builders looked, unless they resembled 
their own representations of the human face (see Figure 1, 
p. 17) we do not know ; for long before white men first 
reached America, they had disappeared. The Indians, who 
succeeded them, but possessed neither their civilization nor 
persevering industry, had no traditions that threw light 
upon the history of this ancient race. 

The American Indians. — That part of America embraced 



THE AMEKICAN INDIANS. 19 

within the present limits of the United States, when first 
known to Europeans, was thinly inhabited by different In- 
dian tribes. Those living east of the Mississippi and south 
of the St. Lawrence (perhaps 200,000 in number) have been 
arranged, according to their languages, in eight families, of 
which the Algon'quin and Huron-Iroquois [Ir-o-kwoy') were 
the most important. The Algonquin s covered the largest 
territory (see Map, p. 38) ; to this family belonged the At- 
lantic tribes, as far south as Cape Fear. The Huron-Iro- 
quois, distinguished for intelligence and courage, occupied 
most of the present state of New York, and extended be- 
yond Lakes Erie and Ontario. The southern Atlantic and 
Gulf tribes constituted the Mobilian family ; while the Cher- 
okees inhabited the mountain fastnesses of what is now Ten- 
nessee and Carolina. 

Characteristics. — The general characteristics of the 
natives were the same. They were mostly grave and taci- 
turn, hospitable, generous, brave, and possessed of wonder- 
ful self-control in both bearing pain and repressing all show 
of joy or sorrow. On the other hand, they were often de- 
ceitful and treacherous, — always cunning and suspicious, 
cruel, improvident, and indisposed to labor except in war 
and the chase. They never forgot either a kindness or an 
injury. They Avere given to few words, but their language 
was full of eloquence. Their sight and hearing were re- 
markably acute. Nothing escaped their observation, and 
they were singularly sagacious in drawing conclusions from 
signs which Europeans would not notice at all. For the 
hunting-grounds and graves of their ancestors they cher- 
ished a patriotic attachment. 

Dress. — In summer, and in the more southerly regions, 
the dress of the Red Men was scanty. In winter, till the 
pale-faces supplied them with blankets, they wore robes of 
skins cured by drying and smoking, and on their feet moc- 
casins of deer-skin. The v/omen let their long, coarse, black 



20 THE AMERICAN INDIANS. 

hair float over their shoulders ; the warriors plucked out 
their thin beards, if any appeared, and generally removed 
their hair with the exception of the scalp-lock on the crown. 
Porcupine-quills, feathers, and beads made of clam-shells, 
served them as ornaments. They were in the habit of paint- 
ing their bodies, using different colors and devices to express 
grief or exultation, war or peace ; also, of tattooing on the 
chest the totem,^ or figure of some animal or bird — a bear, 
deer, beaver, turtle, eagle, crane, etc. — the great original of 
which was thought to be the special guardian of their clan. 

Food, etc. — Having neither iron implements nor domes- 
tic animals to help them, the Indians cultivated the soil but 
little. They raised tobac30 to smoke (not to chew), and 
also produced small crops of maize, beans, and squashes. 
But their principal food consisted of animals and birds taken 
in hunting, and fish which they speared, or caught with bone 
hooks and rude nets. When food was plenty, they ate like 
gluttons, but took no care to provide for the future, and 
therefore often suffered from hunger. 

The Indians were extremely agile ; it was not uncom- 
mon for their runners to go seventy-five miles in a single 
day. Constant exercise in the open air kept them for the 
most part healthy. Pestilences, however, w^ould sometimes 
sweep through the land, and these, w^th frequent wars, kept 
their ranks thinned. The doctor, or " medicine-man," was 
believed to be endowed with supernatural knowledge. Be- 
sides his herbs, he used magical rites to drive out the evil 
spirits which were supposed to possess the sick. 

Indian Life. — The Indian home was a wigwam, or cabin 
made by covering poles with skins or bark. A low opening- 
was left for an entrance, and the ground served for seat, 
bed, and table. Many wigwams, and sometimes more per- 
manent tenements, were grouped together in villages. But 
the warrior's life was essentially a roving one. Small hunt- 
ing or war parties, leaving their women and children, would 



INDIAN LIFE. 



21 



go out for weeks together. During such expeditions they 
were without shelter — a fire at night, to keep off wild beasts, 
being their sole protection. 




The original weapons of 
the natives were the bow and 
arrow, the spear, war-club, and 
stone hatchet, or tomahawh. 
These, though rudely made, 
they used with great efficiency. 
Their ingenuity was perhaps best shown in the construction 
of light and graceful birch-bark canoes, in which with skill- 
ful strokes of the paddle they shot dangerous rapids in 
safety. 

Labor was looked on as beneath a warrior, and fell to 
the lot of his poor w4fe, or squaw. She not only cooked 



22 THE A^IERICAN INDIANS. 

and took care of her little 2^apoose, but carried the bag- 
gage on a march, erected the wigwam, gathered the wood, 
tilled the soil, and acted as drudge in general. Trade there 
was little or none. Wampum, consisting of beads made 
from clam-shells, strung in chains or fastened together in 
belts, served as money, or passed from hand to hand as a 
token of alliance or friendship. 

Government. — Every tribe had its sa'chem, or chief, who 
owed his position sometimes to descent, sometimes to supe- 
rior bravery or cunning. In war he was the leader ; and at 
the council-fire, where the braves gathered to consider im- 
portant questions, after smoking a long time in silence, he 
was the first to deliver his opinion. Ordinarily, however, 
he exercised little authority, for there were no law^s, and 
whoever suffered a wrono- was allowed to avenire it. 

Children of both sexes were taught to weave mats, string 
wampum, and make bows and arrows. The boys were early 
trained to endure fatigue and hunger, and to perform feats 
requiring dexterity and courage. They were instructed by 
their elders in the traditions of their people, and as they 
approached manhood were in some tribes prepared for an 
honorable career by long fasts and other rigorous ordeals. 

War was the Indian's favorite pursuit. It was carried 
on by small parties and personal encounters ; the discipline 
which enables large bodies to act together was wanting. 
On the war-path, the chief cautiously led the way, following 
the trail of his enemies with unerring accuracy. The object 
was to surprise the foe, and to take as many scalps as i:)os- 
sible without losing any in return. 

A captive was sometimes adopted into the tribe of the 
victors, but more frequently put to death with exquisite 
tortures, Avhich, to maintain his reputation, he had to bear 
without a £>:roan. While his flesh was roastino; in the flames, 
he would chant his war-song, or boast of his exploits, or 
denounce his persecutors as w^omen who knew not how to 



LANGUAGES AND PICTURE- WEITING. 



23 



torture a chief, or tell how he had made their bravest war- 
riors quail at the stake. Happy the sufferer, if at length 
the tomahawk of some enemy provoked beyond endurance 
cheated the flames of their prey. 

The Indian Languages contained comparatively few 
words, for they lacked the terms of art, science, and the 
trades, as well as names for abstract ideas. As spoken, they 
were soft and musical. None of them were written, for let- 
ters were unknown. Facts, however, were recorded with 
some precision, by pictures and symbols. These were painted 
on birch-bark or chiselled on rocks. The following copy of 
a bark letter will give an idea of Indian picture-writing. 










Indian Pictfke-wkiting. 

This letter was fixed on a pole by a party of Sioux (soo)^ who, under 
the direction of a United States officer, had gone out to make a treaty with 
some Chippewa hunters, but were disappointed in finding them. The scroll 
was intended to let the Chippewas know that the Sioux had been search- 
ing for them, and was at once understood by the Chippewas, who came to 
the spot and read it shortly afterward. 

1 represents the United States flag ; 2, the cantonment of the troops 
3, the officer under whose auspices the expedition was made ; 4, the lead- 
ing Sioux chief; 5, the second chief, whose totem was the black dog, in 
command of fourteen lodges (G) ; '7, a third chief, with thirteen lodges, and 
a bale of goods (8) devoted to the object of the peace ; 9, a fourth chief, 
with thirteen lodges (10). 



24 



THE AMERICAN INDIANS. 



Religion. — The Indians had no idols. They worshipped 
as God the mighty 3IanUoii, the ruler of all things. Many 
believed also in evil spirits, and reverenced the sun, moon, 
stars, thunder, fire, water, etc., as inferior divinities. 

A future life, blissful for the upright, miserable for the 
wicked, was very generally believed in. Happy hunting- 
grounds, abounding in game, awaited the spirit of the good 
Indian in the other world. Hence the custom of burying 
with the deceased his weapons, and whatever else it was 

thought might be 
:: '^ of use to him in 

the spirit -land. 
Different modes 
of burial pre- 
vailed. In some 
localities, the 
bodies carefully 
wrapped around 
w^ere placed on 
elevated plat- 
forms, or sus- 
pended from the 
branches of trees. 
IMHAK BuEiAL. Elsewhere they 

were deposited in shallow graves in a sitting posture, or laid 
on the surface of the earth and covered with bark. 

The Esquimaux. — The extreme northern parts of North 
America w^ere inhabited by a people quite different from the 
Indians, calling themselves Innuits {pur folks, men), but 
generally known as Esquimaux [es'ke-mo— fish-eaters). It 
was they that helped to exterminate the Scandinavian colo- 
nies in Greenland. The Esquimaux belong to the Mongolian 
race, and resemble the tribes of north-eastern Asia. They 
are short, dirty in their habits, dress in seal-skins and bear- 
skins, and live principally on raw animal food. Their dwell- 




ANALYTICAL KEVIEW. 



25 



ings are either huts of snow, or inclosures of stone, raftered 
over with walrus-bones and roofed in with earth, hides, or 
mosses. They move rapidly from place to place, on sleds 
drawn by packs of hungry, wolfish-looking dogs. 



ANALYTICAL REVIEW. 

The following are given as specimens of Analytical Reviews that may be 
used with advantage. Let one of the class place the Abstract on the black- 
board, and the ditlerent topics be assigned in turn to different pupils called 
on promiscuously,— each to tell all that he knows about his topic without 
being questioned. 



The Western Continent. 




Natives of America. 


I. Names. Why so called. 


I. 


Mound-builders. 


II. Position. 




1. Remains. 


III. Size. 




a. Specimens of art. 


IV. Divisions. 




b. Mounds; earthworks. 


1. Natural. 




c. Fortifications. 


2. Political. 




2. Inference as to their at- 


V. Natural Features. 




tainments, etc. 


YI. Animals. 


IL 


Indians. 


1. Extinct species. 




1, Principal families. 


2. Existing species. 




2. Personal appearance. 


a. Wild. 




3, Characteristics. 


b. Domestic. 




4. Dress ; painting; tattooing. 


VII. Discovery. 




5. Food. 


1. By Norsemen. 




6. Life; wigwams. 


a. Greenland. 




7. Weapons; canoes. 


h. Vinland. 




8. Government, 


2. By Columbus. 




9. Early training. 


a. Circumstances. 




10. Wars; torturing captives. 


b. Contemporary events 




11. Languages; Avriting. 


and rulers (p. 15). 




12. Religion. 


Locate the Vinland of the Norse- 




13. Modes of burial. 


men on the Map, p. 38. 


III. 


Esquimaux. Description. 



Draw a map showing the points visited by Columbus, and embracing the 
West Indies, together with an outline of the adjacent mainland from Florida 
to the mouth of the Orinoco River. Consult the Map on p. 38. 

2 



26 EAELY ENGLISH DISCOVERIES. [l497 

CHAPTER lY. 

EARLY DISCOVERIES OF DIFFERENT NATIONS. 

English Discoveries. — News of the success of Columbus 
spread hke wildfire through Europe, and produced an ardent 
thirst for discovery among the nations. England at this 
time had a smaller population than the single city of London 
has at present, and was just recovering from the effects of a 
long civil war ; yet her thrifty king, Henry VII., was among 
the first to encourage ventures in the New World. 

Under his commission to the Cab'ots, Venetians resident 
in Bristol, two voyages were made. These resulted in the 
discovery of the mainland of America (1497) fourteen months 
before it was seen by Columbus, tlie exploration of the 
northern coast as far south as Carolina (1498), and the find- 
ing of such " multitudes of big fishes " on the Banks of New- 
foundland {iiu' fund-land) "that they sometimes stopped 
the ship ! " The Cabots directed their attention to the 
north-west, hoping to find a passage to India in that direc- 
tion, and the land they first saw is supposed to have been 
Newfoundland or Labrador. Great ice-fields turned them 
to the south ; and at various points of the coast they landed 
and took possession of the country for their king. This was 
the foundation of England's subsequent claim. But nothing 
immediately followed from these vo3^ages, save the establish- 
ment of a profitable codfishery. 

Portuguese Discoveries. — Portugal, chagrined at having 
thrown away the honor which the genius of Columbus re- 
flected on Spain, confined her efforts mainly to attempts to 
reach India by doubling the Cape of Good Hope, This was 
finally accomplished by Vasco da Gama [vah'sJco dah gah'- 
mah) in 1497. In following up his discovery with a large 
fleet, Cabral [kah-hraJd'), carried far to the west after 



1500] EARLY SPANISH DISCOYEKIES. 27 

leaving the Canaries, accidentally discovered Brazil, and 
took possession of it in the name of his sovereign. 

Spanish Discoveries. — Spain was naturally the most ex- 
cited by the wonderful stories told about the New World, 
with its sands of precious stones and nuggets of gold as big 
as oranges. As Columbus wrote, there was "not a man 
down to the very tailors " that did not want to become a 
discoverer. The fever ran to such a height that some vil- 
lasres were almost drained of their inhabitants. Accordino^- 
ly, for several years after the death of Columbus (1506) the 
coast of Central America and the adjacent isthmus was 
visited by a host of unprincipled Spanish adventurers, who 
cared for nothing but gold, and in searching for it practised 
all kinds of fraud and violence on each other as well as on 
the unoffending natives. 

The Pacific. — One of the boldest of these adventurers 
was Balbo'a, whom we read of as successively loaded with 
debt in Hispaniola, — escaping thence, and sujDplanting the 
commander of a little colony on the Isthmus of Darien, — 
searching the surrounding country for gold, and establish- 
ing his authority over its native inhabitants. Hearing of a 
great sea to the south, whose tributary streams flowed over 
beds of gold-dust, he determined to find it ; and vvith his 
stoutest men arrayed in armor, and friendly Indians as 
guides, he commenced a toilsome expedition across the 
isthmus. 

For many days the little band labored on, amid tangled 
forests, up ragged heights, through opposing natives, whom 
they attacked with bloodhounds and mow^ed down with 
their superior weapons. At length, foot-sore and famished, 
they reached the base of the peak from which the ocean 
was said to be visible. Halting his men, Balboa climbed to 
the summit alone, and there beheld spread out in all its 
majesty before him the great Pacific (1513). 

This discovery showed that the new lands were no part 



28 



DISCOVERY OF THE PACIFIC. 



[1513 










Balboa 8 First bicuT of tue Pacific. 



of Asia, but an inde- 
pendent continent — a 
fact that could no lon- 
ger be doubted, when in 
1520 Magel'lan, trav- 
ersing the strait since 
called by his name, 
passed out into this same ocean, which from its peaceful 
character he called Pacific., and continuing his westerly 
course for many miles finally reached what were indeed 
outlying islands of Asia. One of Magellan's ships, still 
keeping on to the west and rounding the Cape of Good 
Hope, finally reached Spain,— being the first vessel to cir- 
cumnavigate the globe, and thus prove that Columbus was 
right in supposing the earth to be round. 

Florida. — A story generally believed, that somewhere 



1513] EXPLORATIONS OF FLORIDA. 29 

among these western isles bubbled a fountain whose waters 
bestowed perpetual youth, led Ponce de Leon {po7ie'tha 
da la-on'), once a fellow-voyager of Columbus, to cruise 
among the Baha'mas in search of it. Reaching at length 
what he took for a large island (1512), he called it Florida, 
from the Spanish name for Easter-Sunday, the day on which 
he landed. Everywhere was a profusion of gay flowers, but 
nowhere tlie fabled fountain ; bathe as he would in every 
inviting pool, he found himself no younger than before. 
Made governor of the land he had discovered, De Leon 
subsequently attempted to colonize it, but abandoned the 
effort on being wounded by the Indians with a poisoned 
arrow. 

After De Leon's time, Florida (the whole region north 
of the Gulf being then so called) was visited by other Span- 
iards ; but they confined themselves mostly to explorations 
of the coast as far as the mouth of the Mississippi. The 
first attempt to penetrate to the interior was made by De 
Narvaez {da nar-vali-eth'), with a well-appointed force, 
under a commission from the Emperor Charles V. (1528). 
Hoping to find rich cities and great empires to spoil, he 
pressed on from his point of debarkation on Tampa Bay 
(see Map, p. 38), through tangled everglades, till it was un- 
certain whether famine, malaria, or the natives, would prove, 
his deadliest enemy. 

Eight weeks brought him to the great Indian capital his 
imagination had filled with palaces — a wretched village of 
forty huts in the heart of a swamp. The disappointed 
Spaniards fought their way back to the Gulf ; but only four 
wretched survivors, after wandering six years through wil- 
dernesses now embraced in Texas and Mexico, reached their 
countrymen on the Pacific coast. 

Very similar was the history of a later expedition into 
Florida, undertaken in 1539 by De So 'to, governor of that 
country and of Cuba. He, too, landed at Tampa Bay. 



30 



DE SOTO S EXPEDITION. 



[1539 



His force consisted of six hundred picked men armed cap- 
a-pie, besides priests and mechanics. A forge with which 
to make new weapons as they were needed, a herd of swine, 
to serve as food in the wilderness, and bloodhounds indispen- 
sable in Indian-hunts, formed part of the equipment. Start- 
ing in the same direction as his predecessor, De Soto moved 
hither and thither through northern Florida, Georgia, Ala- 




Death of De Soto. 

bama, and Mississippi, as directed by the natives, who, anx- 
ious to rid themselves of their oppressors, always repre- 
sented the gold-country as just beyond. 

Desolation followed in the Spaniards' path. The natives 
with whom they came in contact escaped death, only to be 
treated as slaves or beasts of burden. Fields and granaries 
were plundered, villages burned, and fiendish cruellies per- 



1519] EXPEDITION OF COETEZ. 31 

petrated. The Indians retaliated as opportunity offered, 
and the invading force was gradually diminished. 

After three years of toilsome wanderings, extended as 
far west as the present capital of Arkansas, De Soto fell a 
victim to disappointment and sickness. His body was com- 
mitted in the darkness of night to the great " Father of 
Waters" — the Mississippi — which several months before 
(1541) he had discovered. The remnants of the party first 
tried to reach the nearest Mexican settlements by land, but 
. failed. Then, returning to the Mississippi, they renewed 
the attempt in frail brigantines of their own construction ; 
and crawling along the coast, half-starved, their fine armor 
exchanged for skins, themselves "looking more like wild 
beasts than men," they at length found safety among their 
countrymen. 

Mexico. — Meanwhile the Spaniards, though thus seem- 
ingly shut out from Florida, were more successful farther 
south. Several adventurers from Cuba, touching at points 
of the Mexican coast, had brought back stories of a rich 
and powerful nation in the interior. The governor of Cuba 
determined on its subjugation, and placed at the head of an 
expedition for this purpose the unscrupulous but energetic 
Cok'tez. Nine years before De Narvaez made his ill-starred 
descent on Florida, Cortez landed with 617 men ; and hav- 
ing founded the town of Vera Cruz {va'rah kroos) and sunk 
his ships that retreat might be impossible, he pushed on 
with his little force for the conquest and conversion of a 
great empire numbering its inhabitants by millions. 

The earliest occupants of Mexico of whom we have any 
knowledge were the Toltecs, a people of considerable culture. 
After a stay of about four centuries, diminished by war and 
pestilence, the Toltecs mostly withdrew to Central America, 
leaving sculptured columns, massive aqueducts, stone tem- 
ples, and imposing pyramids, as monuments of their archi- 
tectural skill. The few that remained, imparted much of 



32 



THE AZTECS. 



[1519 



their civilization to the Aztecs, who succeeded them, and 
who, having extended their sway over the neighboring tribes 
durino- their three hundred years of occupancy, were the 
dominant people when the Spaniards landed on their coast. 

The Mexicans at this time had many flourishing cities, a 
well-organized government, laws, courts, public schools, hos- 
pitals, an ingenious system of hieroglyphics, and a literature 
consisting of chronological records and other writings. They 
were skillful cultivators of the soil, wove cotton cloth for 
garments, embroidered with great beauty, and out of the 

gay plumage of tropi- 
-^ j,T ^jf / V cal birds made an ex- 

quisite f eatherwork for 
the hangings of apart- 
ments and their own 
mantles. With iron 
they were unacquaint- 
ed, but lead, copper, 
silver, and gold, were 
mined ; and from the 
precious metals, as 
well as bronze, were 
made a great variety 
of graceful vessels and 
ornaments of unequal- 
led workmanship. 
They acknowledged 
one supreme being, and many inferior divinities, whose im- 
ages they worshipped. To the god of war, human sacrifices 
were offered in stately temples throughout the empire. 
Twenty thousand captives are said to have been sacrificed 
every year in these bloody rites, their bodies being after- 
ward served up at horrible banquets. Five thousand priests 
were attached to the principal temple in the city of Mexico, 
their capital. — When Cortez began his invasion, Montezuma 




Aztec Warrior and Womax. 



1519] CONQUEST OF MEXICO. 33 

[mon-te-zoo' ma) was at the head of this great empire. He 
claimed to be lord of the world, and lived in barbaric splen- 
dor. Six hundred nobles formed his retinue. His shoes 
were soled with plates of gold. Four times each day he 
changed his dress, and never put on the same garment 
twice. 

Cortez was successful, but only after two years and a 
half of carnage, cruelty, and poriidy. His sixteen mounted 
men and few small field-pieces gave him an immense ad- 
vantage. The natives, who had never before seen a horse, 
imagined that horse and rider formed one m3'sterious mon- 
ster, and looked on the discharges of the guns as thunder 
and lightning from the angry gods. Again and again Cortez 
met the Mexican hosts with his insignificant force — always 
victorious, except in the terrible struggles of that " Dismal 
Night," as the Spaniards called it, when for a time he was 
driven from the capital. 

Montezuma perished early in the contest. The intrepid 
Guatemozin {gioah-te-iyio'zhi), the last of the Aztec em- 
perors, in vain put forth heroic efforts to save his people 
and his throne. The Spaniards, re-enforced by their own 
countrymen and by large numbers of the tributary nations, 
whom they incited to throw off the Aztec yoke, fought their 
way back to the capital, and after destroying seven-eighths 
of the city and 200,000 of its inhabitants, once more became 
its masters (August 13, 1521). 

From this time Mexico was an appendage of Spain, and 
in view of its mineral treasures her most important colony. 
Its territory was enlarged by the conquest of other native 
tribes and by explorations in Lower Cahfornia, till it ex- 
tended 1,200 miles on the Atlantic, 1,500 on the Pacific. 
Within four years a new and splendid capital rose on the 
site of the old city, 400,000 Indians having been set at the 
work. Cortez was for a time governor-general of New Spain, 
as Mexico was at first called ; but losing the favor of the 



34 



EXPEDITIONS OF PIZARRO. 



Emperor Charles V., he returned to the Old World — with- 
out, however, obtaining any recognition of his claims. 

Peru. — What Cortez was to Mexico, Pizar'ro was to 
Peru. With less education than Cortez (for he could nei- 



CAKIBBEAN SEA 



^^ro.-^r 



ni Salvaflor 

Qe Baliia 

1549 

CABRAL 
1500 




iSif ^ Miriiia 



"^C Cape TTom 
(Ji.ou iiai-tl,161 e ) 



ther read nor write), but equally false, cruel, avaricious, and 
brave, Pizarro made three expeditions from Panama, on the 
Pacific coast, for the subjugation of the rich empire of the 



CONQUEST OF PERU. 35 

Incas. The first two were unsuccessful : but on the third. 



undertaken in 1531 by authority of the Emperor Charles V., 
with less than two hundred men, he marched across the 
mountains, and managed treacherously to seize the Peruvian 
Inca, or sovereign, after massacring several thousand of his 
unarmed attendants. On promise of his release, the Inca 
sent out agents to strip his temples of their decorations, 
and made over to his captors gold and silver to the value of 
seventeen millions of dollars — only to find that a Spaniard's 
promise to a heathen meant nothing, and to be put to death 
by his perfidious conqueror. 

Taking advantage of the consternation that followed, 
Pizarro pushed on to the ancient capital Cuzco (koos'ko), 
noted for its magnificent temple of the Sun, the most splen- 
did structure of the New World. Raising a new Inca to 
the throne as a puppet, the Spaniards proceeded to pillage 
the palaces and religious edifices, to divide the land among 
themselves, and to parcel out the wretched natives, like 
slaves, for its cultivation or for labor in the mines. 

Thus in 1533 was brought under the Spanish yoke 
(though not without a subsequent hard struggle for inde- 
pendence) another vast empire, 2,500 miles in length, em- 
bracing almost the entire western coast of South America. 
Its industrious and happy population of millions, who 
equalled the Mexicans in civilization while their worship of 
the Sun was free from the bloody rites of the Aztec religion, 
was reduced to the condition of serfs. A new capital, Lima 
(le'tnah — see Map), was built six miles from a commodious 
harbor on the coast, and other cities destined to become im- 
portant marts were founded. Pizarro for a time ruled like 
a king, but in 1541 fell by the hands of conspirators — a fit- 
ting end for his life of violence. 

Spanish Explorations. — Meanwhile Central America 
and New Granada (now the United States of Colombia) had 
been colonized. Thus before any other European power 



36 FRENCH DISCOVERIES. [l523 

save Portugal had established a permanent settlement on 
the continent, the possessions of Spain extended from the 
northern coast of the Gulf of INIexico, across the Isthmus, 
along the Pacific nearly to Patagonia. Under the name of 
Florida, was claimed, besides, the rest of North America as 
far as Canada. 

Before 1550, exploring parties had penetrated the Gulf 
of California and the Colorado {kol-o-raJi do) River which 
empties into it, had coasted Upper California, and made 
their way into the territory now known as Arizo'na and 
New Mexico. In the last-named region, the Spaniards first 
met with " a new kind of ox, wild and fierce," the bison of 
our western plains. 

French Discoveries. — What was France doing all this 
time ? Her fishermen had made many profitable voyages to 
the Banks of Newfoundland ; but nothing was done in the 
way of discovery till the rich spoils which Cortez sent home 
to the Emperor Charles V. awakened the envy of his rival, 
the French king, Francis I. The latter, declaring that *he 
would like to see the clause in Adam's will which entitled 
Spain and Portugal to divide the New World between them,' 
sent out a fleet of exploration under a Florentine named 
Verrazzani (ver-rat-tsah'ne). This navigator sailed along 
the coast from Carolina to Nova Scotia, trading with the 
natives, and taking formal possession of the countrj^, which 
he called JS'ew France. 

King Francis now had enough to do with his European 
wars, so that ten years elapsed before any more expeditions 
were sent out. At length, in 1534 and 1535, Caktier 
(kar-te-a') continued the work, sailing round Newfoundland, 
and discovering a noble bay and river to which he gave the 
name of St. Lawrence. The river he ascended to the site of 
the present city of Montreal. An attempt made five years 
later to plant a French colony in this northern region, failed ; 
as did also a similar undertaking at Port Royal on the south- 



1565] SETTLEMENTS IN FLORIDA. 37 

erii coast in 15G2, though a fort was built there, and the 
country was called Carolina, in honor of Charles IX. of 
France. 

In 1565, RiBAULT [re-ho') came over, and assumed com- 
mand of a colony of French Protestants that had been 
planted the year before on the St. John's River, in Florida. 
Hardly had the settlement begun to prosper, when a force 
of Spaniards under Melendez (ina-len chth) , who had been 
hastily dispatched to punish this intrusion on Spanish terri- 
tory, and who had discovered and named the harbor of St. 
Augustine near by, surprised the French fort, and massacred 
the settlers, men and women, young and old. 

The same fate befell the Spaniards themselves. A French 
soldier of renown, De Gourgues {deh goorg'), determining to 
avenge his countrymen, borrowed from his friends a sufficient 
sum to equip three vessels. With these and a handful of 
men, carefully concealing his purpose, he landed near the 
scene of the massacre ; and calling to his aid tJie natives, 
whom Spanish outrages had made eager for vengeance, he 
fell on three forts belonging to the enemy, carried them by 
surprise and storm, and put the garrisons to death. Too 
weak to await an attack from the Spaniards in the neighbor- 
hood, he then hastily recrossed the Atlantic. 

Thus ended the French attempts at colonizing Florida. 
Spain was left in undisturbed possession. St. Augustine, 
founded by Melendez, is the oldest town, by more than forty 
years, within the present limits of the United States. 



CONTEMPORARY EVENTS AND RULERS. 

1550. — The Spanish possessions in the New World, embracing the 
West Indies, Mexico, and western South America from the Caribbe'an Sea 
to Patagonia, governed by viceroys. The mines of America pouring their 
wealth into the treasury of Spain. A printing-press, the first in the New 
World, at work in Mexico. Money coined in Mexico. Universities of Mexi- 
co and Lima founded, 1551. Order restored in Peru, after civil war. No 
settlements as yet north of the Gulf of Mexico. 










^ 
■> ^ 



COLUMBUS,* ;l* ■4,-^ 

1494 ^7, -^ .cC^ Trinitlaa^n^. 







Map showing Eakly Discoveries, and the Location of the Peincipal Indian Families. 

p 38 



EARLY ENGLISH VOYAGES. 39 

Portuguese settlements in Brazil ; San Salvador de Bahia {bah-e'ah), 
founded in 1549, the capital. Portuguese colonies in the East Indies ex- 
tensive and prosperous. Spain, Germany, and the Netherlands, under the 
Emperor Charles V. John III. king of Portugal. Henry 11. king of France. 
Edward VI. king of England. 



Meview. — Let one member of the class write on the blackboard the 
names of all the Spanish discoverers mentioned in Chapters II. and IV. 
Let another place opposite to each the name of the country he discovered 
or explored, and a third supply the dates. Do the same with the EngUsh, 
Portuguese, and French, discoverers and explorers. 



CHAPTER Y. 



EARLY ENGLISH VOYAGES.— SETTLEMENT OF 
VIRGINIA. 

Hawkins.— Hore. — England had not forgotten the dis- 
coveries of her Cab'ots. Her fishermen had brought back 
many a good cargo from the Banks of Newfoundland ; and 
Sir John Hawkins, the first Englishman to engage in the 
slave-trade (1562), had made his voyaging still more profit- 
able, for he had found that " store of Negros " were to be 
had in Guinea, and that they were " very good marchan- 
dise " in Hispaniola. But little had been done in the way 
of exploration. A Londoner named Hore, it is true, with a 
small company, spent a summer in Newfoundland during 
the reign of Henry VIH. But they nearly starved to 
death, and, on the arrival of a French vessel, stole aboard 
and sailed off while the crew were ashore, leaving the poor 
Frenchmen to get home as best they could. 

Francis Drake, also, commissioned hy Queen Elizabeth, 
had made several voyages to the New World, but it was 
chiefly for the purpose of harrying the Spanish settlements. 
His most notable voyage lasted three years (1577-1580). 



40 EARLY ENGLISH VOYAGES. [l578 

Sailing through the Strait of Magellan, he entered the Pa- 
cific, capturing Spanish galleons with their rich freight, and 
pillaging the ports of Chili and Peru. Afraid of encoun- 
tering the Spaniards in superior force if he retraced his 
way, he kept on in search of a north-east passage to the 
Atlantic, but was at last driven back by the cold oif the 
coast of Oregon. He passed several weeks in the harbor of 
San Francisco, and took possession of California, under the 
name of Keio Albion, in behalf of his royal mistress — then 
crossed the Pacific, and returned to England by w^ay of the 
Cape of Good Hope. Drake was thus the first English 
commander that circumnavigated the globe, and Queen 
Elizabeth showed her approval of his enterprise by knight- 
ing him on the deck of his own vessel. 

The North-west Passage. — Meanwhile English navigators 
became more and more of the opinion that the coveted 
passage to Cathay, which Spain had failed to discover in 
the south, would be found, if at all, in the north. Feob'- 
ISHEK made three voyages in quest of it (1576-1578). He 
reached the inlet in the far north since called by his name, 
but found no passage to the Indies ; and the supposed gold 
ore with which he filled his vessels for the return-voyage, 
turned out to be nothing but worthless stones. 

Sir Humphrey Gilbert, a firm believer in the North-west 
Passage, after a previous unsuccessful effort, sailed in 1583, 
under a charter from Queen Elizabeth, but with the purpose 
of colonization rather than discovery. He reached New- 
foundland, read his commission to the motley crowd of fish- 
ermen assembled there, and erected the arms of England. 
Then turning south to plant his colony in a more genial 
climate, he lost his largest vessel off the coast of Nova 
Scotia. Provisions ran short, no hospitable haven appeared, 
and it was decided to return to England. But Gilbert lived 
not to plant his colony ; the little vessel that bore him 
foundered in a storm. 



1585] 



RALEIGH S SETTLEMENT. 



41 



Among the most intrepid searchers for the North-west 
Passage was John Davis (1585-7). He made three bold 
voyages, pushing up among the icebergs and floes west of 
Greenland (to which he gave the name of Desolation), and 
discovering the strait that still preserves his name (see 
Map. p. 8). But his search, like that of many a later Arc- 
tic explorer, was fruitless. 

Raleigh's Settlement. — Sir Humphrey Gilbert's attempt 
at colonization was promptly followed up by his half-brother 
Walter Raleigh, one of 
the great men of the age, 
under a new patent from 
Queen Elizabeth. An ex- 
ploring party sent out in 
1584 reached the coast of 
North Carolina, and on its 
return drew such inviting 
pictures of the " sweete, 



fruitfull, and 



wholesome 
" handsome 
that 



the Virgin Queen knighted 



soile " and the 

and goodly " natives. 







Raleigh, and allowed him 
to call the land Virginia 
in honor of herself. 

The next year, a colony 
was sent out under Sir Richard Grenville, and planted on 
Roanoke Island, near the entrance to Albemarle Sound (see 
Map, p. 42). But the Indians were provoked by Grenville's 
severity ; and under Lane, who became governor on Gren- 
ville's departure, their hostility and the shortness of pro- 
visions threatened to exterminate the colony. The arrival 
of Drake, fresh from the plunder of St. Augustine, gave 
the settlers an opportunity of returning to England. They 
took with them two products of the New World whose use 



42 



SETTLEMENT ON EOANOKE ISLAND. 



[1587 



has since become widely extended — potatoes and tobacco. 
Smoking soon became fashionable at the English court ; 
even Queen Elizabeth and her ladies are said to have in- 
dulged in it. 

An attempt to renew the settlement on Roanoke Island 
(1587) succeeded no better. Such as survived sickness and 
famine were cut oflp by the Indians ; at least so it was sup- 
posed, for no traces of them could ever be found by those 
who afterward visited the region. Raleigh's means were 
now exhausted, and his efforts to colonize Virginia at an 
end, though he still predicted that he should live to see it 
"an Inglishe nation." 

Settlement of Virginia. — We next hear of English voy- 
ages farther north, and the discovery of Cape Cod (1602), 
and various bays and islands on the coast of Maine (1603). 

The favorable reports 
brought back, led once 
more to zealous efforts 
at colonization. King 
James I. encouraged 
the movement by di- 
viding (1606) the whole 
territory from the 
mouth of the Cape 
Fear River to the east- 
ern extremity of Maine, 
without any limit on 
the west, between two 
companies — the Lon- 
don Company to have 
jurisdiction over the 
southern portion, the 
Plymouth Company 
over the northern. The 
latter at once sent out 




''nrji, 



Eastern Part of London CoiiPANY's Grant. 



1607] SETTLEMENT OF VIEGINIA. 43 

settlers to New England, but they did not succeed in estab- 
lishing themselves ; and the first permanent English settle- 
ment was planted by the London Company in Virginia, in 
1607. 

This first English colony, consisting of 105 men, was taken 
out by Captain Newport. Bearing north of Roanoke Isl- 
and, they entered Chesapeake Bay, giving the names of the 
princes Charles and Henry to the capes at its entrance. 
Ascending a noble river, they finally established themselves 
on a peninsula about fifty miles above its mouth, calling 
the river James^ and the settlement Jamestown, after the 
reigning king. A small party, intent on finding that much 
talked-of passage to the South Sea, soon started on a voy- 
age of discovery, and explored the river fifty miles farther, 
to the falls on which the present city of Richmond is situ- 
ated. Here, in a village of twelve wigwams, they were well 
received by Powhatan', the head of twenty native tribes 
that occupied the adjacent region. 

The country around Jamestown was delightful. But 
unfortunately the new settlers were mostly "vagabond 
gentlemen," not fond of work. So, not long after New- 
port returned to England, food became scarce. Sickness 
set in, many died, dissensions arose, affairs were badly man- 
aged, and it was only by placing the prudent and energetic 
Smith at the head of the infant colony that it was saved 
from destruction. 

Captain John Smith has been justly called " the Father 
of Virginia." His previous life had been full of adventure. 
As a traveller and a soldier, he had seen much of Europe. 
He had borne himself gallantly in divers v/ars, and had 
received from the Prince of Transylvania a patent of nobil- 
ity and a coat of arms — a shield bearing three Turks' heads 
— in commemoration of his slaying three Turkish cavaliers, 
whom he met in single combat like the kniohts of old. 
Afterward taken prisoner, he had been sent to Constanti- 



M SETTLEMENT OF VIRGINIA. [I6O8 

nople, and thence to the Crimea as a slave. There, mad- 
dened by the cruel treatment he received, he killed his Tar- 
tar taskmaster, exchanged the wretched skins with which 
he had been clothed for the dead man's garments, and made 
his way on horseback to a Russian garrison. He had 
reached England in time to seek with Newport a new field 
for adventure in America. 

Smith's measures were wise and vigorous. He main- 
tained discipline, and proceeded to the erection of suitable 
houses and defences. For the purposes of trade and dis- 
covery, he undertook several voyages up the James and 
the Chickahominy. In one of these, his men having been 
surprised, Smith was himself severely wounded. But seiz- 
ing one of his Indian guides, he bound him to his left arm 
as a buckler against the hostile arrows ) and, firing and re- 
treating by turns, would probably have made good his 
escape had he not suddenly sunk to the waist in a swamp. 
There was no choice but to surrender. 

Admiring his bravery, and interested in his pocket-com- 
pass and what he told them of the earth and the stars, his 
captors spared him for the time, and carried him round as a 
curiosity to the villages of their confederacy far and w ide. 
At length the victorious party arrived at the court of Pow- 
hatan, and the captive was doomed to die. The fatal war- 
club was raised above his head, when Pocahontas, a favorite 
child of the chief, whom Smith had pleased during the 
hours of his captivity, rushed forward and interceded in his 
behalf. His life was granted to her prayers, and he was 
soon once more safe in Jamestown. 

Matters there were in a bad state, and so continued in 
spite of Newport's arrival soon after with a fresh company 
of fortune-seekers. Like their predecessors, they were 
averse to honest labor ; but mistaking for gold-dust parti- 
cles of mica that were found near the mouth of a neighboring 
stream, they loaded Newport's ship with a worthless freight 



1608] EARLY DAYS OF VIRGINIA. 45 

for the return-voyage. Meanwhile Smith, who had been 
unable to repress this gold-fever, made a thorough explora- 
tion of Chesapeake Bay and its tributary rivers. Three 
months were thus spent, and three thousand miles traversed 
in an open boat. After his return there was a further ac- 
cession of numbers, but not of real strength, to the colony. 

The Starving-Time. — All that man could do with the 
wretched material at his disposal, Smith did for Virginia. 
It was a sad day for the colony when in 1609 he was so 
injured by the accidental discharge of a bag of gunpowder 
as to be obliged to return to England. After his departure, 
idleness, improvidence, and disorder, were followed by fam- 
ine, sickness, and death. The winter of 1609-10 was justly 
called " the starving-time." The Indians, no longer in awe 
of Captain Smith, and provoked by the exactions of the 
pale-faces, refused to bring in supplies, fell on the remote 
plantations, and even formed a plan for destroying the 
whole colony. Out of 490 persons whom Smith had left in 
Virginia, spring found but sixty alive, and these almost at 
the point of perishing. 

Lord Delaware. — Meanwhile, under a new charter which 
extended the limits of the colony, the virtuous Lord Dela- 
ware had been made governor. In June, 1610, the newly- 
appointed governor, coming up the James River with fresh 
immigrants and supplies, intercepted the miserable few who 
had survived the starving-time, in the act of abandoning 
their settlement. They were persuaded to return ; and 
from this time, though Delaware's administration was short, 
for the most part the colony prospered. 

Better Times. — Those who sought Virginia under Lord 
Delaware were of a better class, and the bad habits that had 
before prevailed in the colony were laid aside. Profanity 
had been so common in the earlier times that Smith had 
found it necessary to punish every oath by making the 
swearer hold up his arm and throwing a pail of water down 



46 EARLY DAYS OF VIRGINIA. [I6IO 

his sleeve ; but now the day was commenced with service in 
the little church, which was kept dressed with wild flowers. 
Regular hours of labor were once more required, and new 
plantations were laid out. The Indians were frightened into 
peace. As an additional inducement to industry, land was 
granted as individual property to the settlers, in stead of 
being held in common. Corn was raised in abundance. 
Tobacco, which had come into such request in England that 
a poor man would sometimes spend " 4:d. of his day's earn- 
ings at night in smoke," came to be largely cultivated for 
export, even the streets of Jamestown contributing to the 
crop. In the colony it was used as money, a pound of to- 
bacco being worth about 75 cents. 

Marriage of Pocahontas. — Peaceful relations with the 
Indians were strengthened, in 1613, by the marriage of 
Pocahontas to one of the colonists named Rolfe. This 
amiable young Indian princess, from the day she had saved 
Captain Smith, had been the firm friend of the English, 
bringing them corn in the time of their sorest need, and 
even on one occasion by a midnight visit to Jamestown put- 
ting them on their guard against a meditated attack by her 
own countrymen. Before her marriage she was converted 
from the religion of her fathers, and baptized by the name of 
Mehecca. This alliance, securing PovWiatan's friendship, was 
of great service to the colonists ; though King James, who 
had high notions of royal blood, talked of punishing Rolfe 
for treason, for marrying a princess without his permission. 

In London, whither her husband took her, "the Lady 
Rabecca" was much admired for her simple grace. In a few 
months, however, she fell a victim to the climate (1617), 
leaving an only son whose descendants still live in Virginia. 
— Captain Smith survived by fourteen years the gentle 
Pocahontas, who had saved his life. He never returned to 
Virginia, but explored the coast of New England, which was 
first so called by him. 



1619] 



FIRST GENERAL ASSEMBLY. 



47 




Markiage of Pocahontas. 



The First General Assembly. — The laws by which the 
colony was governed were at first drawn up in England, and 
were none of the wisest. Whipping, piercing the tongue 
with a bodkin, branding on the hand, and cutting off the 
ears, were at one time among the punishments. Death was 
made the penalty, not only of serious crimes, but also of 
such slight offences as trading with the Indians without a 
license, and killing a chicken without perntission even though 
it were one's own property. But in 1619 the colonists were 
wisely allowed a voice in their own government. The law- 
making power was vested in a General Assembly, composed 
of delegates from the different boroughs — the first repre- 
sentative body in the New World. 



48 EAELY DAYS OF VIEGmiA. [l619 

Many now came over with the intention of residing per- 
manently in Virginia, and pleasant homes began to arise. 
Up to the time of Newport's third voyage there had not 
been an Englishwoman in Virginia, and then only two came 
over ; so that at first society was rude enough. It was a 
happy thought of the Company to transport to the colony, 
at their own expense, a number of agreeable young women. 
They were eagerly sought in marriage by the planters, who 
were glad to pay back to the Company the price of their 
passage — from 100 to 150 pounds of tobacco. 

Negro Slavery was introduced about this time (1620). 
Twenty Africans were landed at Jamestown from a Dutch 
man-of-war, and sold at auction to the planters. The trade 
was continued, principally by the Dutch, and slavery thus 
became an institution of Virginia. There was also a system 
of apprenticeship, under which persons were brought over 
from England and sold to service for a term of years. — The 
cultivation of cotton commenced in 1621, and the first grist- 
mill was erected the following year. 

Indian Massacre of 1622. — On the death of Powhatan in 
1618, his younger brother became the head of the confeder- 
ate tribes. Viewing with suspicion the increasing numbers 
of the pale-faces, in 1622 he laid a murderous plan for their 
extermination. Different bodies of savages were to fall on 
the different settlements at an appointed hour, and not a 
soul was to be spared. The Indians to the last kept up the 
usual appearance of friendship, and in the distant settle- 
ments the plot was carried out with success. Jamestown 
and the neighboring plantations were saved by a Christian 
Indian, who the night before revealed the conspiracy to an 
Englishman for whom he worked. 

To this cruel massacre, about 350 men, women, and 
children fell victims. It was a heavy blow, that for a time 
staggered the colon}-. Much sympathy w^as awakened in 
the mother-country. Even King James was moved, and 



1G24] VIRGINIA A ROYAL PROVINCE. 49 

sent over as a present some old arms that had been laid 
aside in the Tower of London as good for nothing. Cap- 
tain John Smith, who still loved Virginia, offered to go over 
and protect the colonists v/ith his stout arm, if the Company 
would equip men for the purpose. But the Company had 
no money to spare ; so the colonists had to protect them- 
selves. Bloody was the vengeance they wreaked on the 
Indians, hunting them from place to place, burning their vil- 
lages, and killing a Red Man at sight as they would a snake. 
It w^as ten years before peace was re-established. 

Virginia a Royal Province. — King James did not like the 
independent way in w4iich the London Company managed 
their own affairs. Accordingly, after ineffectual attempts 
to induce them to give up their charter for a new one, he 
dissolved the Company, and Virginia became a royal prov- 
ince (1624). The colonial Assembly, however, was allowed 
to exercise its former powers, and continued still to do so 
under Charles L, who in 1625 succeeded his father James. 
It even went so far as to refuse his Majesty a monopoly of 
the tobacco raised in the colony, which he sought as a 
source of profit to the crown. 

The importance of Virginia now began to be felt. 
People of substance came over ; a thousand immigrants 
arrived in the single year 1627. They did not congregate 
in towns, but coming to till the soil spread out, on large 
farms, wherever fertile lands invited them. 

Social Life. — Things were quite different 250 years ago 
from what they are at present. In England, at that time, 
we are told, plastered walls were confined to the houses of 
the rich. Glass windows were so valuable, that when a 
country-gentleman went to town for any length of time he 
had the sashes taken out and carefully packed away; the 
poor substituted for panes of glass coarse paper made trans- 
parent by being soaked in oil. Straw beds, with fagots for 
pillows, were in common use. Mechanics received about 
3 



60 



MANNERS AND CUSTOMS. 



five shillings a week for wages, and lived chiefly on hard 
bread made out of ground oats or rye. 

AVooden plates and pewter spoons were the ordinary 
table-furniture, and fingers served in place of forks. Books 
were expensive luxuries. Education was limited ; very 
few could even spell correctly. Husbands were in the 
habit of whipping their wives, just as masters did their ser- 
vants. Scolding women were seated on " the cucking- 
stool," at the end of a balanced 
beam, and ducked in ponds. 
Millers, when they stole grain 
left with them for grinding, and 
other dishonest tradesmen, were 
fastened bareheaded on a low 
cart, and driven through the 
town to be hooted at and pelted. 
The style of dress did not ac- 
cord with the present fashions, 
as may be seen from the accom- 
panying engraving. 

These facts will give some 
idea of life in the mother-coun- 
try at the commencement of the seventeenth century. We 
may be sure it was no better in the colony of Virginia. 




English Costumes in the Tim 
James I. 



CONTEMPORARY EVENTS AND RULERS. 

1607, — Virginia founded. — Spanish cities growing in Mexico, Cen- 
tral America, and Peru. The mines of Mexico and Peru yielding abun- 
dantly ; one-fifth of their products paid to the Spanish crown. St. Au- 
gustine, Florida, forty-two years old. Portuguese settlements in Brazil, 
Many of the natives of Paraguay living under the restraints of civilization, 
through the instruction of Jesuit missionaries. A Fi-ench settlement at 
Port Royal, iu what is now Nova Scotia. Henry Hudson, searching for a 
North-west Passage, penetrates to within ten degrees of the north pole. 

James I. king of Great Britain. Sir Walter Raleigh under sentence 
of death, on a charge of treason, in the Tower of London. Forty-seven 



DUTCH MARITIME ENTERPEISE. 51 

learned English divines at work on our present standard version of tlie 
Bible. The Dutch the leading commercial nation of the world. Spain 
declining in power, but enjoying the golden age of its literature. Portugal 
under the dominion of Spain. Henry IV., of Navarre, king of France. 

An age of great men in Europe : Shakespeare, the poet, and Loi'd 
Bacon, the philosopher, in England ; Kepler, the great astronomer, in Ger- 
many ; Galile'o, the distinguished natural philosopher, in Italy ; Guido 
(gwe'do) and Ku'bens, the illustrious painters. The Spanish people laughing 
over "Don Quixote," the First Part of which had been published two 
years ; Cervan'tes, its author, sixty years old. 

After studying the Map on page 34, draw the Pacific coast of South 
America, showing the extent of the Empire of the Incas, and locating the 
various cities founded in or before the year 1550. 



CHAPTER VI. 
DUTCH SETTLEMENTS.— NEW TRANCE. 

Maritime Enterprise of the Dutch. — At the commence- 
ment of the seventeenth century, the Dutch (as the people 
of the United Netherlands were called) were masters of the 
ocean. They could boast of 3,000 merchant-vessels and 
men-of-war, and nearly 100,000 seamen. Engrossing at this 
time most of the Eastern trade, they naturally desired to 
find a short passage to the Indies ; and their navigators 
had sought it by an easterly route, to the north of Europe 
and Asia, through the frozen wastes around Spitzbergen and 
Nova Zembla. But all attempts had failed ; and one party, 
detained in the ice all winter, barely escaped with their 
lives from famine and the fierce attacks of polar bears. 

Hudson's Discoveries, — Undiscouraged by previous fail- 
ures, the Dutch East India Company in 1609 sent out Henry 
Hudson, an English captain of experience, with instructions 
still to search for a North-east Passage. Unable to force 
his little vessel, the Half -moon, through the ice in that 



HUDSON'S DISCOVEEIES. 



[1609 



direction, Hudson at last struck a westerly course for the 
New World, hoping there to find a l<^orth-west Passage. 
After exploring the northern coast and discovering Dela- 
ware Bay, he was attracted by a wide strait which he 
thought might lead him to Cathay, and cast anchor inside 
of Sandy Hook. 

Passing up the Narrows, Hudson next found himself in 

a spacious harbor. 




^aij 




HAT A. T X AIS^T I C 

SanQyUocTc 

O C JE A Hf 



Manhattan Island and Vicinity. 



at the mouth of 
the noble river 
that preserves his 
name. He as- 
cended the Hud- 
son about 150 
miles, till its 
shoaling waters 
convinced him 
that this was no 
highway to the 
Eastern seas. 

The Indians 
at first took the 
Half-moon for a 
huge fish, but on 
a nearer view 
thought it must 



be the boat of the great Manitou. For the most part they 
were friendly, and gladly bartered their otter and beaver 
skins with the sailors for knives, beads, and trinkets. Hud- 
son met them, gathered through curiosity from far and near, 
and in token of his regard made them drunk with the " fire- 
water" which was destined to prove so fatal to their race. 

Hudson never revisited the pleasant region he had dis- 
covered ; but again searching for a North-west Passage 
(1610), he traversed the great bay to v.'hich his name has 



1G14] DUTCH SETTLEMENTS. 53 

been given, and perished in its stormy waters, having been 
cast adrift in a small boat by his mutinous crew. His dis- 
coveries, however, gave the Netherlands a claim to the 
country, and led some merchants of Amsterdam to fit out a 
vessel for traffic with the natives. The venture was suc- 
cessful, and a profitable trade sprung up, of which Manhat- 
tan Island was the principal depot. By 1614 some rough 
buildings and a fort were erected there — the germ of the 
present great city of New York. The infant settlement was 
called Neio Amsterdam^ the whole region New Nether- 
land, and the river which Hudson had ascended the Mauri- 
tius^ in honor of Prince Maurice, the Dutch Stadtholder. 

New Netherland. — The active traders of New Nether- 
land soon pushed through the unbroken forests that covered 
the country, far into the interior ; and its no less enter- 
prising seamen explored the surrounding waters. Delaware 
and Narragansett Bay were visited. Long Island was cir- 
cumnavigated, and New Netherland was looked upon as ex- 
tending from New France on the north to Virginia on the 
south, A trading-post was established on an island just be- 
low the present city of Albany, in 1615. 

None but traders sought New Netherland, until, in spite 

of Eno-land's remonstrances a2:ainst the intrusion on her ter- 
es o 

ritory, the Dutch West India Company was organized in 
1621. Under its auspices there went out a number of fami- 
lies (mostly Walloons', Protestant refugees) who settled at 
New Amsterdam, on Long Island, and the Jersey shore. A 
few found their way to the banks of the Delaware, others to 
the Connecticut, and others again sailed up the Mauritius 
and settled around Fort Orange on the site of Albany (1623). 

Minuit's Administration. — Minuit became governor in 
1626. He believed in paying the Indians for their lands, 
and gave them |24 for the island of Manhattan. The Dutch 
were a thrifty people, and New Netherland prospered. 

The colony, however, did not increase very fast ; in 1628, 



54 



NEW NETHEKLAND. 



[1628 



Manhattan contained less than three hundred souls. So the 
Company offered to any of its members who would be at the 
expense of planting a colony of fifty adults in any part of 
New Netherland except New Amsterdam, a tract fronting 
sixteen miles on any navigable river and as wide as the occu- 
j)ants might need. The proprietor, who was required to pay 
the Indians for the land selected and to support a school- 
? 




Dutch Costctmes and Akchitectuke, 1600-1C25. 

4 

master and minister, was invested with the control of the 
territory as its "Patroon"' or lord. Under this arrange- 
ment, several wealthy Dutch merchants became patroons. 

Individual settlers, Avhile they were denied all voice in 
the government, were exempted from taxation for ten years, 
and furnished with as many " blacks " to till the soil as the 
Company could supply. Slavery was thus early introduced. 

New France. — We have spoken of New France. This 



1605] NEW FRANCE. 55 

was the name given to the northern territory settled at a 
few points by the French, in following up after many years 
the discoveries of Cartier (p. 36). Port Royal, on the Bay 
of Fundy, was founded in 1605, the adjacent parts of what 
are now Nova Scotia and New Brunswick being called 
Acadia (see Map, p. 56). 

Quebec was commenced on the St. Lawrence in 1008, by 
Champlain (sham-jylane'), who labored hard to bring about 
the colonization of the country, and has been called "the 
Father of New France." Hearino- of a beautiful lake in the 
south, Champlain, in company with a party of Canada In- 
dians on the war-path against the Iroquois, penetrated to its 
banks and gave it his name. 



REVIEV/ BY DATES. 

Let the student prepare a Chronological Record of the principal events 
in the New World up to the year 1600, according to the following 

Model. 
1492. The New World discorered by Columbus (San Salvador, Cuba, Hayti). 

1497. Mainland of North America discovered by the Cabots. 

1498. Mainland of South America discovered by Columbus. 
1507. The New World first called America. 

1512. Florida discovered by the Spaniard Ponce dc Leon. 

Continue the above by recording the following years, with the event that 
distinguishes each (the word in parentheses will suggest it) : — 

1513 (Balboa). 1534 (Cartier). 1565 (St. Augustine). 

1520 (Magellan). 1541 (De Soto). 1576 (Frobisher). 

1521 (Cortez). 1549 (Bahia, p. 39). 1580 (Drake). 
1533 (Pizarro). 1551 (Universities). 1585 (Raleigh). 

If this Record is drawn up in ink, preserved, and added to hereafter at 
intervals, as required, the student will have, at the end, a valuable Chrono- 
logical Table of the most important events of American History, prepared 
by himself. 

As a review, the Chronological Record may be placed on the black- 
board, and the different events assigned in turn to different pupils,— each 
to tell what he knows about his topic without being questioned. 



56 



GRANT TO rLYMOUTII COUNCIL. 



[1630 



CHAPTER VII. 

FIRST SETTLEMENTS IN NEW ENGLAND. 

The Council of Plymouth.— The Plymouth Company, 
having failed to plant any permanent colony in North Vir- 
ginia under the charter received from James I., was at 
length dissolved. It was succeeded by the Council of Plym- 
outh, consisting of forty persons of wealth and rank, to 
whom in 1620 the same king granted the territory extend- 
ing from the 40th to the 48th parallel of latitude, and from 
the Atlantic to the Pacific. 




Lat.i8 



LONU I 



Eastern Part of the Grant to the Council of Plymoutu, 

This immense tract embraced more than a million square 
miles, and on the east reached from near the southern boun- 
dary of the present state of Pennsylvania to the northern 
extremity of the province of New Brunswick. It included, 



1630] THE riLGEIM FATHERS. 57 

as will be seen on the map, a portion of New France already 
settled by the French, as well as the flourishing Dutch col- 
ony of New Netherland. But what cared King James for 
that ? Had not England the prior right to lands which her 
Cabots had discovered and taken possession of for the 
crown more than a century before ? 

The Piigrim Fathers.— Six days after this liberal grant 
was made, without any knowledge of the Council or any 
warrant from the king, a little vessel bearing 101 emigrants, 
who were destined to make the first permanent settlement 
in New England, appeared off the coast of Cape Cod. The 
vessel was the Mayflower. The emigrants were "the Pil- 
grim Fathers," — stout-hearted, energetic Englishmen, who 
sought in these western wilds freedom to worship God 
according to their own consciences. 

For seventy years in England there had been growing 
up a sect that had separated from the established church, — 
called in derision Puritans^ because they professed to follow 
the pure word of God. The Puritans were stiff and formal, 
discountenanced amusements and frivolous fashions of dress, 
— but were good citizens, hard-working, temperate, and 
moral. In these times it was common in England, as well 
as in other countries, for the rulers to persecute those who 
differed from them in religious belief, and the Puritans had 
suffered accordingly. A few had escaped to the Nether- 
lands, where for twelve years they had enjoyed libert}'- of 
worship. But still looking upon themselves as " pilgrims 
in a strange land," and yearning for English institutions 
and English laws, some of these refugees, with others of 
their creed in England, had found the means of embarking 
with their wives and children for the New World. 

Plymouth Colony. — The Pilgrims had meant to strike the 
coast near the mouth of the Hudson, but were carried far- 
ther north. After a long voyage not without its dangers 
and hardships, they finally anchored in a safe harbor, which 



58 FOUNDING OF PLYMOUTH. [l620 

they called Plymouth after the last town they had seen in 
Old England. December 21, 1620, must be remembered as 
the date of their landing. " Forefathers' Rock," on which 
they first stepped, now covered with a handsome canopy 
of granite, still preserves the memory of this event in the 
present town of Plymouth. 

Before disembarking, the Pilgrims solemnly bound them- 
selves to obey such laws as should be enacted, and chose a 
governor. Their first care was to erect shelters as soon as 
possible. But dreary and sad was the winter. Cold and 
exposure brought on fatal sickness ; at one time, but seven 
could stand on their feet. Before summer death had carried 
off half the party, including Carver, the first governor. 

It was well that the natives did not molest the settlers 
in these trying days. There seemed to be none in the 
immediate neighborhood, though graves, and buried corn, 
and standing corn-stalks were found, showing that the place 
had not long been uninhabited. There was a story that 
some years before the Indians had boasted to a Frenchman, 
who threatened them with the anger of God for their cru- 
elty, that they were so numerous God could not destroy 
them if he would ; and that shortly afterward a pestilence 
broke out, and almost exterminated the coast tribes. 

Early History. — In the spring several Indians visited the 
little settlement, and a treaty was made with the Wampa- 
no'ags, the nearest tribe on the south-west, which remained 
in force for more than half a century. Visits were inter- 
changed with their chief Mas-sa-soit', and a traffic with the 
natives was established. The formidable Narragan setts, 
indeed (see Map, p. 62), numbering five thousand braves, 
sent in a declaration of war (1622), which led the settlers 
to erect stout palisades around their seven dwellings and 
two public buildings ; but the spirited answer returned 
frightened the natives and happily averted hostilities. 

Wild-turkeys, deer, and other game, helped to keep 



1623] PLYMOUTH COLONY. 59 

the Plymouth colonists in food, and in 1623 they observed 
a day of thanksgiving (the origin of our annual festival) for 
the fruits of the earth. Yet there was sore scarcity at 
times ; and, the supply of corn having once entirely given 
out, life was supported on lobsters or clams, or what few 
fish they could catch with their poor tackle, or the scanty 
provisions that some passing vessel doled out at extrava- 
gant prices. But the Pilgrim Fathers bore their trials 
patiently, looking with faith for better times — and better 
times came. 

In 1623 a great stimulus \vas given to industry by ap- 
portioning the land among the colonists, and allowing each 
to retain the results of his own labor. The following year, 
cattle were introduced. In 1627, by purchasing the rights 
of their fellow-stockholders in London, who had advanced 
the necessary capital, the colonists became independent, 
though no royal title protected them, and three years elapsed 
before they obtained from the Council a legal title to their 
lands. 

Growth and Government.— The Plymouth colony grew 
but slowly ; at the end of ten years, the population 
amounted to only three hundred. There was no lack of 
enterprise, however. Exploring parties were sent out ; a 
fishing-station was established at Cape Ann, and a patent 
was obtained for a tract on the banks of the Kennebec. 
The government was purely democratic. The laws, enacted 
with entire independence of the mother-country, were exe- 
cuted by a governor elected by the people, and all impor- 
tant questions were decided by the whole body of male in- 
habitants. Not till 1639 had so large a territory become 
settled as to make a representative government necessary — 
when a legislature was established, to which each town sent 
deputies. 

Religious services were at first held in the lower part of 
a square wooden building, put up for a fort and protected 



60 



rLYMOUTII COLONY. 




Puritans marching to Meeting. 



by six small cannon 
mounted on its flat 
roof. On Sunday 
mornings the Pil- 
grims assembled by beat of drum, 
and marched to meeting three 
abreast, each with his musket, es- 
corting Elder Brewster, who offi- 
ciated as preacher, and the gov- 
ernor in his long robe. Men and women occupied differ- 
ent seats during the service, and were required to listen 
attentively to the long sermon, which sometimes lasted two 
hours or more. If one was seen standing on a stool at 
meeting, he was known to be undergoing punishment for 
breaking some law, the ofl"ence being specified on a paper 
fastened to his person. Those absent from church were 
looked up by ofiiccrs ; if the offence was persisted in, they 
were liable to have their feet put in the stocks, or to be 



MASSACHUSETTS BAY COLONY. 61 

stood up with their necks stretched out in a wooden frame 
called the pillory. 

William Bradford, Carver's successor, served as govern- 
or twenty years. In those days men were not so fond of 
office as at present ; for in 1632 the colony had to pass a 
law laying a fme of £20 on any one elected governor who 
should refuse to serve. Miles Standish, a man of small 
stature but of great spirit, was the military leader of Plym- 
outh. 

Massachusetts Bay Colony. — Meanwhile different grants 
had been obtained from the Council of Plymouth, and set- 
tlements were made at several points on the coast farther 
north— at Weymouth (see Map, p. 62) in 1622 and 1623— 
at Salem in 1626 — and at Chelsea in 1628. In the year last 
named, the zealous Endicott brought over a party of Puri- 
tans who fixed their abode at Salem. They were followed 
by others, who founded Charlestown (1629). 

The year 1630 was signalized by the arrival of fifteen 
ships bearing a thousand immigrants and the good JoiiN^ 
WiisrrHEOP as their governor. Most of the new-comers took 
possession of an inviting peninsula containing about 600 
acres at the head of Massachusetts Bay, called by the In- 
dians Shawmut, by the English (from three of its hills) Tri- 
mountain. Their infant settlement they named I^ostoii, 
after an English town from which some of the principal col- 
onists had come. Within a few months, Dorchester, Water- 
town, Roxbury, Medford, Lynn, and Cambridge, were founded. 
Settlements thus dotted the entire coast of the Massachu- 
setts* Bay Coloxy, as it was called ; which, according to 
the terms of the grant, confirmed by royal charter, extended 
from a line three miles north of the Merrimac to three miles 
south of the Charles. Boston was made the capital. 

At first, as had been the case in "the Old Colony" 
(Plymouth), sickness and scarcity of provisions severely 
* An Indian name, meaning " blue hills." 



62 



MASSACHUSETTS BAY COLONY. 



[lG30 



tried the new settlers ; but in time their labors were re- 
warded with prosperity. Good crops were raised, mills estab- 
lished, vessels built, and a flourishing coast-trade was carried 

on. The people, assem- 
bled in town-meeting, 
freely discussed all pub- 
lic questions, laid taxes 
for local purposes, elect- 
ed town-officers, and filled 
vacancies in the Board of 
Assistants, — in which, 
with the gov- 
ernor, the law- 
making power 
was for a time 
vested. The 
governor was 
at first elected 
by. this board ; 
afterward by 
the citizens di- 
r e c 1 1 y , the 
right of voting 

Early Settlements in Eastern Massachusetts. 1 oi t ' in Ifi^l 

confined to church-members. Ministers were supported at 
the public expense, and advised with the civil authorities, 
by whom a general control over religious as well as other 
matters w^as claimed and exercised. 

Settlement of Khode Island. — Against this claim, how- 
ever, one voice was raised. Roger Williams, an earnest 
young preacher who joined the colony in 1G31, held views 
on some points at variance with those of his Puritan breth- 
ren, and boldly denied that the civil power had any right to 
inquire into a man's belief or punish any other than civil 
offences. The Puritan authorities could not brook such 




1636] FOUNDING OF PROVIDENCE. 63 

dangerous doctrine. They not only drove Roger Williams 
from the pulpit of Salem, but banished him from the colony, 
dispatching men to arrest him and put him on jjoard a vessel 
bound for England. The stanch advocate of freedom of 
opinion, however, was forewarned in time to make his escape. 
Leaving his family, he started out in the depth of a New 
England winter, to brave the dangers of an unknown wil- 
derness. 

For more than three months Williams endured the ex- 
tremes of cold and hunger, till at length he found safety in 
the wigwam of the friendly Massasoit, at Mount Hope (see 
Map, p. 64). In the spring (1636) he bought a tract on 
Narragansett Bay from the natives, whom he regarded as 
the rightful owners of the soil, and on a favorable site began 
a settlement, to which in gratitude for his protection he gave 
the name of Providence. To all who would join him, he 
offered perfect liberty of conscience. Many came from 
Salem and elsewhere, and the Providence Plantation pros- 
pered. Roger Williams was thus the founder of Rhode 
Island, and there carrying out his peculiar religious views 
established the first Baptist church in America. 

Still more serious religious troubles disturbed the peace 
of the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1636. Ann Hutchin- 
son, a woman of great gifts and ready with the tongue, took 
it upon her to hold meetings in Boston, at which she de- 
nounced certain doctrines of the Puritan ministers and ad- 
vanced her own in opposition. In vain for a time was it 
sought to silence her. She drev/ over, not only many of her 
own sex, who thought that she preached " better Gospell 
than any of the black-coats," but also some of the leading 
men, including even magistrates and the young governor, 
Henry Vane. The quarrel became hot, and the colony was 
almost rent in twain. But at length Mrs. Hutchinson was 
brought to trial, and, in spite of her claim to be inspired, 
her teachings were condemned and she herself was banished. 



u 



SETTLEMENT OF RHODE ISLAND. 



[1638 



"With a number of her followers she took refuge in the 

charming island of Aquiday 
(ak'we-da), in Narragansett 
Bay, which by the advice of 
Roger Williams was bought 
from the Indians, for forty 
fathoms of white wampum, 
twenty hoes, and ten coats. 
The Indian name was 
changed to the Isle of 
Rhodes, and a settlement 
commenced near the north- 
ern extremity. Part of the 
settlers afterward moved to 
the southern end of the 
island, and founded New- 
port in 1639. The same 
freedom of opinion was al- 
lowed here as in Providence; 
and in 1644, a charter hav- 
ing been obtained by the 
efforts of Roofer Williams, the Rhode Island and Providence 
Plantations were united. 

Political Troubles. — There were political as well as re- 
ligious troubles in Massachusetts Bay. The arbitrary con- 
duct of Charles I. drove so many of his subjects to the New 
World that measures were taken in England to stop emigra- 
tion ; and thus, it is said, some of those who afterward de- 
throned the king were kept at home. Commissioners hos- 
tile to the Puritans were also appointed, with absolute 
power over the American colonies, to interfere with their 
religious regulations and even take away their charters. 
The charter of Massachusetts was more than once demand- 
ed ; but the authorities of the colony, while they quietly 
prepared for resistance, urged different pretexts for not sur- 




EiiODE Island and Providence 
Plantations. 



1633] 



SETTLEMENT OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 



65 



rendering it, until the king's own troubles gave him enough 
to do at home without molesting his subjects across the 
Atlantic. 

Settlement of New Hampshire, — In the mean time, north 
and east of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, settlements had 
been made at various points on or near the coast. In 1622, 
a large tract beyond the Merrimac was granted to Gorges 
(gor'jez) and Mason, two enterprising members of the Coun- 
cil of Plymouth, and 
under their auspices 
settlements were made 
where Portsmouth and 
Dover now stand, by 
adventurers interested 
in the fisheries. 

In 1629, the do- 
main before held in 
common was divided 
between the two pro- 
prietors. Mason ob- 
tained the part west 
of the Piscat'aqua, 
and called it New 
Hampshire, after the 




•V^York 

^xctcr^_ . : Isles of V 
Uampton / \ ^^^oals 

^Merrimac It. 
*■ -^ ^-^-^ C.Ann 




Eaelt Settlements in New Hampshire 
AND Maine. 



English county in which he resided. Emigrants from Mas- 
sachusetts Bay increased the population, and Exeter was 
founded in 1638. 

Maine. — The country east of the Piscataqua was covered 
by patents to the indefatigable Gorges and others, who 
established a few fishing-stations, Saco (saw'ko) being the 
most important. In 1639, Gorges obtained a royal charter 
for his tract, and gave it the name of Maine, probably to 
distinguish it as " the main," or mainland, from the islands 
off the coast. The Plymouth people had attempted to 
establish trading-posts on the Penobscot and farther east ; 



66 



ANALYTICAL EEVIEW. 



but the French, who claimed the coast as far as Pem'maquid 
Point, had broken them up. 

The New Hampshire settlements came under the juris- 
diction of Massachusetts Bay in 1641, those of Maine in 
1652. The latter remained united with Massachusetts dur- 
ing the whole period of colonial history, but New Hamp- 
shire was ultimately made a royal province and independent 
colony. 

ANALYTICAL REVIEW. 

Let the Abstracts be placed on the blackboard, and each pupil, taking 
a topic in turn, treat it exhaustively without being questioned. 



Spanish Settlements. 

(Pages 13, 14, 27-3G.) 
I, West Indian Settlements. 

1. Hispaniola. 

2. Cuba. 

II. Explorations of the Mainland. 

1. Of the Isthmus of Darien. 

2. Of Florida. 

a. By Ponce de Leon. 

b. By De Narvaez. 

c. By De Soto. 
III. Mexico. How situated ? 

1. Early inhabitants. 

a. The Toltecs. 

b. The Aztecs. 

2. Invasion by the Spanish. 

3. Results of the conquest. 

4. Cortez ; his character. 
lY. Empire of the Incas. Describe 

it. 

1. Invasion by the Spanish. 

2. Peru, as a Spanish prov- 

ince. 

3. Pizarro ; his character, fiite. 
V. Other Explorations and Set- 
tlements BY THE Spanish. 

VI. Spanish America in 1 550 (p. 37). 



JSnfflish Settlements. 

(Pages 2G, 39-50, 5G-66.) 
I. Early Voyages of Note. 

1. The Cabots'. 

2. Drake's. 

3. Frobisher's. 

4. Gilbert's. 

5. Davis's. 

II. Settlement on Roanoke Isl'd. 

III. Settlement op Virginia. 

1. Adventures of Capt. Smith. 

2. The Starving-Time. 

3. Lord Delaware's adminis- 

tration. 

4. Subsequent history. 

5. Social life, customs, etc. 

IV. Settlement of New England. 

1. Planting of Plymouth Col- 

ony. 

a. Its history ; growth. 

b. Religious usages. 

2. Massachusetts Bay Colony. 

a. Origin. 

b. History. 

3. Rhode Island. 

4. New Hampshire. 

5. Maine. 



SETTLEMENT OF CONNECTICUT. 



67 



CHAPTER VIII 

SETTLEMENT OF CONNECTICUT, MARYLAND, AND 
DELA WARE, 

Settlement of Connecticut. — The Dutch were the first to 
become acquainted with the rich valley of the " Quonekta- 
cat" {long), or Connecticut River. Buying land from the 
natives, they erected Fort Good Hope, on the present site of 
Hartford (1633), and claimed the whole territory as belong- 
ing to New Netherland. Hardly was this done, when a 
small company from Plymouth sailed past the fort in de- 
fiance of the Dutch, and planted themselves at Windsor, six 
miles farther up. Parties from Massachusetts Bay followed 
in 1G35, and Wethersfield was founded. 




Eakly Settlements in Connecticut. 



Meanwhile the Council of Plymouth had granted a patent 
for the region west of Narragansett Bay. John Winthrop, 
son of the governor of Massachusetts, and two others, were 
sent over to act for the proprietors ; and a fort (Saybrook) 



68 SETTLEMENT OF CONNECTICUT. [l635 

was built without delay at the mouth of the Connecticut. 
The Dutch of New Amsterdam, coming shortly afterward to 
take possession of the same region, were frightened off, and 
ultimately gave up the post they had established fifty miles 
above. 

The last party that emigrated from Massachusetts to the 
Connecticut Valley in 1635, suffered untold hardships ; and 
some, at the hazard of their lives, even retraced their steps 
in the depth of a severe winter. Yet the following summer, 
the whole congregation of Cambridge, led by their minister 
and driving their cattle before them, took their way through 
the woods to Connecticut, and made a permanent settlement 
at Hartford. The close of the year 1636 found about eight 
hundred souls in the Connecticut Valley, and an independent 
government was soon organized. Thus originated the colony 
of Connecticut. 

Peq[iiod War. — The Indians were more numerous in Con- 
necticut than along the Massachusetts coast. Particularly 
formidable were the Pe'quods, whose strongholds were near 
the mouth of the Thames {tamz) River, while their hunting- 
grounds extended thence to the Connecticut. No sooner 
had the settlements just mentioned been established, than 
they were exposed to the horrors of a war with these fierce 
natives. 

Hostilities arose in this wise. In 1634, the crew of a 
Virginia trading-vessel had been cut off by the Pequods in 
the Connecticut River. Two years later, the natives of 
Block Island (Map, p. 67) had boarded the bark of a New 
England trader, and murdered its master. Without inquiring 
what provocation might have been given for these outrages, 
the men of Massachusetts Bay proceeded to avenge them. 
A descent was made on Block Island, its wigwams and 
standing corn were destroyed, and two Pequod villages on 
the mainland were burned. The Pequods retaliated, and the 
exposed settlements of Connecticut suffered severely. At 



1636] PEQUOD WAE. 69 

this juncture, the Narragansetts were kept from joining their 
red brethren only by the efforts of the magnanimous Roger 
WilHams, who risked his life to perform this service for the 
men that had driven him from Salem. 

War was formally declared against the Pequods by the 
authorities of Connecticut in the spring of 1637, and a force 
of English and friendly Mohegans under Captain Mason 
promptly took the field. The principal Pequod village 
near the Thames was surprised, and its occupants rushed 
from their blazing wigwams, which the English had fired, 
only to be shot down. A second body of Pequods, coming 
from a neighboring fort to aid their friends, was repulsed. 
The power of the nation was thus completely broken, and 
the disheartened survivors were hunted from one hidins:- 
place to another, till they were almost exterminated. 

The Colony of New Haven. — Puritans from England 
founded another colony on the soil of Connecticut in 1638. 
Land was obtained by treaty with the natives, and the col- 
ony itself, as well as its chief settlement, was called New 
Ha VEX. John Davenport was its pastor, and Theophilus 
Eaton for twenty years its governor. An Assembly of the 
colonists, held in a barn, ordained that only church-mem- 
bers should have the full rights of citizens, and the Bible 
was adopted as the sole guide in public affairs. 

The Indian troubles over, both this colony and Connecti- 
cut (which absorbed the Saybrook colony in 164:4) enjoyed 
peace and prosperity. Thriving villages sprung up ; and in 
1665 they were all united in the single colony of Connecti- 
cut, under a royal charter of great liberality granted by 
King Charles II. in 1662. 

Puritan Peculiarities.— By the year 1640, fifty settle- 
ments had been made in New England, at an expense of not 
less than a million dollars. In almost all of them, Puritan 
principles prevailed. The people generally were austere ; 
they forbade dancing, the drinking of healths, cards, and 



70 LIFE IN NEW ENGLAND. 

dice. Their laws in some cases interfered with private 
rights. At Hartford, everybody had to get up when he 
heard the watchman's bell in the morning. No one under 
twenty was allowed to use tobacco ; those over that age 
could smoke one pipe a day, but only at a distance of ten 
miles from any dwelling. In Plymouth, a fine of 2s. was 
imposed on any person found smoking on the Lord's-day, 
going to or from meeting, or within two miles of the meet- 
ing-house. Citizens were liable to a fine, if they did not vote. 

To their religious duties, the New Englanders attended 
rigorously. At one time, in Massachusetts Bay, there was a 
law against erecting a dwelling in a new town more than half 
a mile away from a meeting-house. Their Sabbath, which in 
Connecticut began at sunset on Saturday, was observed as a 
strict day of rest. 

Intolerance in religion was a fault of the age ; we must 
expect, therefore, to find it in New England in those early 
days. Jesuits were not allow^ed in Massachusetts Bay, and 
we shall presently see how Quakers were treated there. The 
Puritan leaders objected to the cross in the English flag ; 
and on one occasion Endicott, when commanding at Salem, 
went so far as to cut it from his colors. The holidays of the 
English Church were their abhorrence ; even the eating of 
mince-pies on Christmas was denounced as wicked. — Under- 
lying all this were an intense love of liberty and an untiring 
energy, which have impressed themselves on our national 
character. 

Life in New England.— The style of living was at first 
necessarily simple. Extravagance in dress was expressly 
forbidden, especially in the matter of " ribands and great 
boots." The low houses of logs or boards, with their small 
prison-like windows, thatched roofs, and clay-plastered chim- 
neys, were not much like the present tasteful dwellings of 
New England. Inside, the most important apartment was 
the great kitchen and sitting-room, where the capacious fire- 



LIFE IN NEW ENGLAND. 



71 




A New Lnuland Kitchen in the Olden Timi 

place, andirons, and bellows, the crane and pot suspended 
from it, showed that the day of stoves was not yet. There 
would be found the high-backed settle, quite necessary to 
keep off the wind, whistling through the crannies ; the mor- 
tar and pestle, with which the corn was pounded before mills 
became common ; the spinning-wheel, plied by the good 
mother as she found leisure ; and the trusty firelock hang- 
ing over the mantel, ever ready in case of an Indian foray. 

" Good man " and " good woman," often abbreviated 
into " goody," were the common titles. MisUr and Mis- 
tress were respectful forms of address for persons of rank 
or ministers and their wives. 

The New England leaders were educated men, and as 
soon as it was practicable made provision for schools. Har- 
vard College, established at Cambridge in 1G37, was the ear- 



72 SETTLEMENT OF IklARYLAND. [l632 

liest institution of the kind in the colonies. It was so called 
from the Rev. John Harvard, who left to it his library and 
half his estate. At the same place was set up the first 
printing-press brought to the colonies ; a version of the 
Psalms in metre, long used in the New England churches, 
was one of its earliest productions (1640). 

Settlement of Maryland. — Roman Catholics, no less than 
Puritans, were exposed to persecution in England. This 
led the Catholic Lord Baltimore to look for some spot in the 
New World where those of his creed might enjoy their wor- 
ship unmolested. He tried Newfoundland, but it was too 
cold and barren. He tried Virginia, but found the people 
there more intolerant than in England. So in 1632 he ob- 
tained from King Charles I. a large tract, to which the name 
of Maeylaj^^d was given from the queen, Henrietta Maria. 

The same year, on his father's death, Cecil {ses'il) Cal- 
vert became Lord Baltimore, and succeeded to the grant. 
His charter was most liberal. The colony was left to gov- 
ern itself, and was to pay no tax to the king, but only a 
royalty of one-fifth of whatever gold and silver might be 
found. To all Christians perfect religious freedom was 
afterward guaranteed by a law of the colony. 

In 1634, a number of Catholic gentlemen, with their ser- 
vants — in all about two hundred — came over from England 
under Leonard Calvert, the proprietor's brother. Not far 
from the mouth of the Potomac they commenced the little 
town of St. Mary's, the first in their new colony. 

The "Pilgrims of St. Mary's" treated the natives with 
equity and kindness. Their chief troubles arose from one 
Clayborne, who had established himself as a trader on an 
island in Chesapeake Bay, denied Lord Baltimore's author- 
ity, and even menaced the new-comers with attack. A fight 
ensued, Clayborne's party was defeated, and his island seized. 
Land-grants at low rents were offered as inducements to set- 
tlers, and prosperity smiled on the shores of the Chesapeake. 



1638] 



NEW SWEDEN. 



73 



The irrepressible Clayborne, indeed, reappeared upon the 
stage, and, exciting a rebellion among the Marylanders, for 
a time established his authority over the entire colony, — 
but only to be a second time driven out by Governor Cal- 
vert, with a force from Virginia. 

New Sweden. — The first settlement in the present state 
of Delaware was made by emigrants from Holland (1631), 
who for three years occupied a tract near the mouth of the 
Delaware River, but were cut off by the Indians. Perma- 
nent colonization was commenced in 1638, by a party of 
Protestant Swedes under the leadership of Minuit, who had 
entered the Swedish service after being recalled from the 
governorship of New Netherland. 




Purchasing from 
the natives a tract at 
the head of Delaware 
Bay, they gave it the 
name of New Swe- 
den, and erected 
Fort Christiana, so 
called after their 
youthful queen. Pres- 
ently joined by others 



Maryland and New Sweden. 



from their fatherland, they pushed on up the Delaware till 
they reached what is now Southwark, in Philadelphia. Here 
in the banks of the river they dug caves, which afforded 
them shelter for a year or two, till they were able to build 



74 A GENERAL EEVIEW. 

loo- huts plastered with iniid and lighted by holes in the 
wall. The authorities of New Amsterdam remonstrated 
against these intrusions on territory that they deemed their 
own, but for a time hesitated to resort to arms. 



GENERAL REVIEW AND MAP QUESTIONS. 

{Eefer to the Maps on 2-H(ges 42, 56, G2, 64, cmd 67.) 

Write on the blackboard the names of the colonics founded before 
1640, in the order of time, the earliest first. 

Name them in the order of place, beginning with the most northerly. 

Describe the situation, and mention the chief settlements, of each. 

In which of the present states of the Union were settlements made at 
this time (not forgetting St. Augusthie) ? 

What colonies and settlements were named after royal personages? 
What was the origin of the name Massachusetts ? New Hampshire ? Provi- 
dence ? Maine ? Connecticut ? Mauritius ? Delaware ? 

What Indians in Maine ? In Virginia ? In Plymouth Colony ? Near 
Providence Plantation ? In Connecticut ? To what great family did all 
these tribes belong ? 

Where was Acadia ? Ligonia ? Laconia ? Mount Hope ? Block Island ? 
Pemmaquid Point ? Saco ? Portsmouth ? Providence ? Dover ? Exeter '? 

What early settlements in Massachusetts, north of Boston ? South of 
Boston ? West of Boston ? On which side of the river Avere the early 
settlements in Connecticut ? 

What was the original name of the Isle of Rhodes ? What settle- 
ments on the Charles River? On Massachusetts Bay? In New France? 

The Mauritius was sometimes called the North River, in contradistinc- 
tion to the Delaware, or South River ; what settlements on the former, and 
what colony at the mouth of the latter ? 

Which of the colonies were of Puritan origin ? Which was Catholic ? 
In which did the Church of England prevail ? In which, the Baptist 
Church ? In which the Dutch Reformed Church ? N. N. In which the 
Swedish Lutheran Church ? 3". S. 



Draw a map of the eastern coast of Massachusetts, showing the Merri- 
mac and Charles Rivers, the Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth Colonies, 
and the chief settlements in each. 

Draw a map of the vicinity of Jamestown, showing tlie James, Chicka- 
hominy, and York Rivers, Chesapeake Bay, and the first permanent Eng- 
lish settlement in America. 



UNION OF NEW ENGLAND COLONIES. 75 

CHAPTER IX. 

THE NEW WORLD FROM 1640 TO 167$. 

New England. — The most important event of this period 
in the northern colonies was the union of Massachusetts 
(with its New Hampshire towns), Plymouth, Connecticut, 
and New Haven, in a confederacy called " the United Colo- 
nies of New England." This league, formed in 1643, was 
designed for mutual protection and attended with highly 
beneficial results. Questions of war and peace, and the 
management of all foreign relations, were intrusted to a 
council of two delegates (church-members) from each col- 
ony. Massachusetts was much the most important member 
of the union, and next to it was Connecticut. 

The civil war between King Charles I. and the English 
Parliament ended with the overthrow and execution of the 
monarch. In 1G49 royalty was abolished in England, and 
" the Commonwealth " established in its place, with Oliver 
Cromwell at its head. The New England colonists, who had 
sympathized with Parliament during the struggle, enjoyed 
the favor of the new government and rapidly increased in 
strength. 

When in 1660 monarchy was restored and Charles II. 
was seated on the throne of his ancestors. New England had 
to make her peace with him as best she could. Agents were 
sent over to London. Liberal charters were obtained for 
Connecticut and Rhode Island ; but Massachusetts, in re- 
turn for a recognition of her charter, was required to toler- 
ate the Church of England and make other unpalatable 
concessions. By evasion and delay, the colony for a time 
managed to avoid compliance. Meanwhile it kept growing. 
Boston, though its streets were narrow and its houses mostly 
of wood, was much the largest town in the colonies. In 



76 THE NEW WOELD FEOM 1640 TO U15. 

1G75 it contained more than 8,000 souls, and carried on a 
flourishing trade with Virginia and the West Indies. 

Negko Slaveiiy was allowed in New England as well 
as Virginia. It found its way into all the colonies, and con- 
tinued to exist throughout the colonial period. 

John Eliot was prominent among the good men who 
flourished in New England at this time. He devoted his 
life to labors among the natives, journeying from village to 
village, preaching to them in their own language, establish- 
ing schools, relieving their wants, and teaching them the 
arts of civilized life. He acquired unbounded influence 
over them, and succeeded in forming several communities of 
"praying Indians." In 1663, he completed at Cambridge 
his translation of the Scriptures into the language of the 
Massachusetts Indians — the first Bible published in Amer- 
ica. So well known was Eliot's kindness of heart that once 
the treasurer, on paying him his salary, tied it up in a hand- 
kerchief with as many knots as possible, lest the charitable 
" apostle of the Indians " should give it all to the needy on 
his way home. 

Quakers were objects of special abhorrence to the Mas- 
sachusetts Puritans. Relying on " the inner light," opposed 
to all forms and ceremonies, denouncing a hireling ministry, 
and refusing to bear arms or to take oaths, the Quakers, or 
" Friends " as they called themselves, were regarded as dan- 
gerous to both church and state. Nor can we wonder that 
the staid people of Boston were provoked, when they saw 
some of these enthusiasts disturbing public worship, hooting 
from windows at magistrates and ministers as they passed, 
and even parading the streets half-naked to show their dis- 
approval of worldly fashions. Milder penalties failing to 
keep " the accursed sect " away, Quakers entering the colony 
were at length condemned to lose their cars, to be branded 
on the shoulder, to have their tongues bored with red-hot 
irons, and, if the offence was repeated, to be hanged. After 



NEW NETHERLAND. 77 

fonr had suffered death (1659-1661), a milder punishment 
was substituted — to be stripped, tied to a cart's tail, and 
whipped from one town to another over the border — and 
the Quakers at last stopped coming. 

New Netherland. — Kieft, who was governor of New 
Netherland from 1638 to 1647, by his folly, cruelty, and 
treachery, brought on a terrible war with the Indians, which 
at one time threatened every Dutch settlement in the coun- 
try with destruction. He was succeeded by the old soldier 
Peter Stuyvesant (sW ve-swit) ^ who had lost a leg in the 
service of his country — a stubborn and choleric man, dis- 
posed to override the people, but brave and honest. Stuy- 
vesant maintained the honor of the Dutch arms by capturing 
Fort Christiana and annexing New Sweden, " the jewel of 
the Swedish crown" (1655). He made an efficient governor, 
adopting various measures for the public good, and winning 
the confidence of the Indians by his fair dealing. 

Stuyvesant, however, was unwilling to give way to the 
spirit of liberty wdiich began to prevail among his people, 
threatening that if any one appealed from his decisions he 
would make him "a foot shorter." So, when in 1664 an 
English fleet appeared in the harbor of New Amsterdam and 
demanded the surrender of the fort, the gallant veteran could 
not induce the burghers to support him in its defence. To 
his bitter mortification, he was obliged to haul down his 
colors. Ihe whole colony submitted without bloodshed to 
the English. Its name, as well as that of the town on Man- 
hattan Island, was changed to New York, in honor of the 
Duke of York, afterward James II. ; to whom the king his 
brother, disregarding the counter-claim of Holland, had 
granted the region from the Connecticut to the Delaware. 
The Duke of York being also Duke of Albany, the latter 
name was given to Fort Orange. 

The country between the Hudson and the Delaware was 
granted by the duke to Lord Berkeley and Sir George Car- 



78 



THE NEW WORLD FEOM 1640 TO 1675. 



teret, who called it New Jersey from the Isle of Jersey, of 
which Carteret had been governor. Neither here nor in 
New York were the Dutch settlers disturbed ; and, though 
the English element increased, Dutch continued for some 
time to be the tongue commonly spoken. 

The Exglisii Governors of New York proved arbitrary 
and inefficient, and in 1673 the colony was allowed again to 
fall into the hands of its former masters. It was restored 




m 

State-House at New Amstekdam, under Governor Stuyvesant. 

to the English, however, the following year, and Major Ed- 
mund Andros became governor. His administration was no 
improvement on his predecessors'. 

The Dutch of the New World were a thrifty, honest, hos- 
pitable people, never in a hurry, not given to many words, 
fond of good cheer, and of smoking their pipes on the stoops 
of their neat and comfortable houses. Manhattan Island, in 
the olden time, was dotted with " boweries," or country-seats. 



NEW NETIIERLAND. VIRGINIA. 79 

The town was at the lower extremity, a palisade having been 
run across the island at what is now Wall Street, to keep off 
the Indians. The better class of buildings rejoiced in roofs 
of red and black tiles, and gables of bricks that had crossed 
the ocean. A good house rented for $14 a year. At first 
the mode of living was plain. After a time, house-servants 
— in some cases, negro slaves — became common. At a still 
later period, a fondness for finery was exhibited. The ladies 
were gay with jaunty jackets of cloth or silk, elaborate col- 
ored skirts, and girdle-chains, to which on Sunday handsome 
Bibles or hymn-books were attached. The fine gentlemen 
wore knee-breeches, silver shoe-buckles, long velvet waist- 
coats, and coats set off with bright silver buttons. — Under 
the second English governor the first mail was dispatched 
from New York to Boston, the round trip taking a month. 

Virginia. — Sir William Berkeley was commissioned as 
governor of Virginia in 1641. Though he was no friend of 
popular rights, and once thanked Heaven that there were 
neither free schools nor printing within his jurisdiction, yet 
for a time the colony throve grandly. The Assembly, or 
House of Burgesses, revised the laws ; land-titles were ad- 
Justed, taxes more equitably laid, and punishments of undue 
severity abolished. But in religious matters great intoler- 
ance was manifested. Conformity to the Church of England 
was required in all teachers and preachers. Puritans were 
not allowed to hold office, while Quakers and Catholics were 
forbidden co enter the colony under heavy penalties. 

In 1644 Virginia suffered from an Indian war, which cost 
the lives of several hundred colonists. The Red Men, how- 
ever, were soon subdued and driven from their lands. So- 
ciety after a time assumed an aristocratic air, and distinct 
lines were drawn between the upper and lower classes. 
Landed estates descended to the eldest son. The large 
planters indulged in display, surrounding themselves with 
servants, and exercising a generous hospitality. 



80 THE NEW WORLD FROM 1640 TO lOTS. 

The Virginians were lo}^^! to Charles I. during his war 
with Parliament. They were obliged to recognize the Com- 
monwealth, but rejoiced at the restoration of Charles IT. 
Their fidelity, however, was ill rewarded. The restored 
king laid restrictions on their commerce, cut them off from 
all markets for their tobacco except England, and gave 
away their best lands to his dissolute courtiers. More than 
this, an aristocratic faction, favored by Governor Berkeley, 
controlled the House of Burgesses, and ground the faces 
of the poor with iniquitous taxes, while they exempted the 
large landholders and provided liberally for their own sala- 
ries. Things were ripe for trouble. 

Settlement of Carolina. — As far back as 1562, the French 
had given the name of Carolina to the region south of Vir- 
ginia (p. 37), though they had failed to colonize it perma- 
nently. Meanwhile, disregarding the claims of both France 
and Spain, English emigrants from Virginia and Plymouth 
had settled near Albemarle Sound and on the Cape Fear 
River (see Map, p. 42). But Carolina was to have other 
owners. In 1663, Charles II. granted this whole territory, 
as far south as the St. John's River in Florida, to several 
noblemen ; and the philosopher Locke was employed to 
draw up a constitution for their magnificent domain. Great 
philosophers are not always practical men ; and so it turned 
out that Locke's " Grand Model," with its array of feudal 
lords, was wholly unfit for the free deer-hunters of Albe- 
marle, who would call no man master. 

Nor was it more successful in the south, where a party 
sent out by the proprietors established themselves on the 
Ashley River (1670). A republican government was adopted 
instead ; and in 1680, Charleston, so called after the king, 
was founded. 

The genial climate and rich soil of Carolina attracted 
settlers, not only from the northern colonies, but from the 
mother-country, the United Provinces, and even France, 



CAROLINA. NEW FEANCE. 



81 




whence the persecuted 
Hu'guenots (Protes- 
tants) were but too glad 
to escape to a land of 
liberty. Little or no 
trouble was experienced 
with the Indians ; but 
the misrule of bad gov- 
ernors tried the people 
for a time, till they took 
matters into their own 
hands and drove out the 
tyrants. 

About the close of 
the century, rice began 

to be cultivated in south- Charleston and Vicinity. 

ern Carolina, from seed brought from Madagascar ; and soon 
after 1700, cotton and silk were produced in small quantities. 

New France. — While these things were going on in the 
English colonies, the settlement of New France was slowly 
progressing. In 1G42, Montreal was founded with solemn 
ceremonies as a mission-station. This place and Quebec soon 
became the head-quarters of devoted priests and Jesuits, 
whose one great aim was the conversion of the Indians. De- 
terred by no dangers, they pushed out into the wilderness, 
some making their way eastward as far as the Kennebec and 
Penobscot, and others penetrating the region of the Great 
Lakes. Not a few proved their sincerity by laying down 
their lives in this perilous service. 

French Explorations. — The Iroquois (see Map, p. 38), 
filled with jealousy and hatred of the French, resisted these 
missionary efforts, harassed the settlers on the St. Lawrence, 
and at one time even threatened Quebec with destruction. 
But other tribes were impressed by the earnest preachers. 
AUouez {al'loo-a') raised the cross among the Sioux {soo), 



82 FKEXCII EXPLOEATIOXS IX THE WEST. 

the Chippewas, and curious throngs from distant nations 
that visited his little chapel on Lake Superior. He first 
brought back an account of the wonderful Pictured Rocks, 
where for miles the sandstone, from one to three hundred 
feet in height, has been worn into arches and columns like 
those of some ancient ruin. 

Following the example of this devoted missionary, ]\rar- 
quette (mar-ket') and Joliet {zhole-ya') next explored north- 
ern Michigan, and discovered the Mississippi at the mouth 
of the ^^'isconsin (1673). For hundreds of miles they de- 
scended the great river- in canoes, to the point where it is 
joined by the Arkansas. 

Marquette afterward preached to the natives in what is 
now northern Illinois, and touched their hearts w^ith his 
words of love. Coasting Lake Michigan on his return, he 
went ashore to perform his devotions, and while so engaged 
breathed his last. Flourishing cities in the regions they 
visited, preserve the names of Marquette and Joliet. 

The next explorers were Hen'nepin and La Salle {lah 
6fr^ 7^7), commander of Fort Frontenac, which stood at the foot 
of Lake Ontario, on the site of the present city of Kingston 
(see Map, p. 112). When they had reached the Illinois 
River, La Salle turned back, while Hennepin directed his 
course to the upper Mississippi, and was the first white man 
to behold the Falls of St. Anthony. In 1682, La Salle, with 
a well-equipped party, started on a second expedition, and 
this time descended the Mississippi to its mouth. The coun- 
try on its banks he took possession of, in the name of King 
Louis XIV. of France, and called Louisiana after this 
" Grand Monarch," then at the height of his glory. Thus, 
while England held the entire Atlantic coast from the Pe- 
nobscot to Florida, and claimed the whole country w^est to the 
Pacific, France, by actual explorations and the establishment 
of occasional posts, acquired a conflicting title to the basin 
of the Great Lakes and the vast valley of the Mississippi. 



1675 



KING PHILIP S WAR. 



83 



ANALYTICAL REVIEW. 

Treat the following Abstracts as heretofore dhx^cted (p. 60). Such sub- 
jects as the teacher sees fit, may from time to time hereafter be made the 
bases of similar exercises. 



french Explorations. 

(Pages 36, 37, 55, 6G.) 
I. Fishing Voyages. 
II. Verrazzani's Voyages. 

1. Patronized by whom ? 

2. Results. 

III. Cartier's Voyages. 

IV. Attempts at Colonization. 

1. On the St. Lawrence. 

2. In Carolina. 

3. In Florida : Ribault. 

a. Spanish massacre. 

b. French reprisals. 
De Gourgues. 

4. In Acadia. 

V. Champlain's Explorations. 

1. Founding of Quebec. 

2. Lake Champlain. 

VI. Collisions with the English 
ON the Coast of Maine. 



Xew Netherland. 

(Pages 51-55, 77.) 
I. Dutch Maritime Enterprise. 
II. Hudson's Voyages. 

1. Hudson River discovered. 

2. Hudson Bay discovered. 

III. Early Settlements. 

1. On Manhattan Island, 

2. Up the Hudson. 

3. Of Walloons. 

IV. Minuit's Administration. 
V. " Patroon " System. 

VI. Kieft's Administration. 
VII. Stuyvesant's Administrate. 

1. Conquest of New Sweden : 

its early history. 

2. Character and course. 
VIII. Conquest by the English. 

Change of names. 
IX. Social Life and Manners. 



CHAPTER X. 



KING PHILIP'S WAR.— BACON'S REBELLION, 

King Philip's War. — After the Pequod War, New Eng- 
land experienced little trouble from the Indians till 1675. 
Then broke out King Philip's War. Philip, whose chief 
seat was Mount Hope (see Map, p. 64), was chief of the 
Wampanoags and son of the old Massasoit, who for more 
than forty years had remained the unwavering friend of the 
Plymouth colonists. 



84: 



KING PHILIP S WAR. 



[1G75 



Philip knew the power of the pale-faces, and had not 
desired war. But he was powerless to keep down the fires 
kindled in the breasts of his people when they saw them- 
selves gradually crowded out from the hunting-grounds of 
their fathers, and at last shut up in two small peninsulas on 
the northern shore of Narragansett Bay. Slight causes suf- 
ficed to fan the smouldering fire into a blaze. When three 
Red Men were executed for murdering a Christian Indian 
who had given information of their hostile designs, war 
could no longer be deferred. Philip accepted his fate, 
though he wept when he heard of the first shedding of Eng- 
lish blood. He soon had all the tribes, as far as the distant 
forests of Maine, united in one common cause against the 
whites. 

Then were experienced all the horrors of Indian warfare 

— the deadly ambus- 
cade — the fearful 
Avar-whoop, curdling 
the blood at mid- 
night — the shooting 
down by invisible 
foes of all who 
ventured outside of 
palisades or block- 
house — the burning 
of villages, and 
scalping of women 
and children. 

The ^lassachu- 
setts settlements in the Connecticut Valley suffered espe- 
cially, in the fall of 1675. Several were reduced to ashes. 
Hadley, surprised while its inhabitants were at meeting, was 
saved by a strange-looking old man who suddenly appeared 
among the people to rally them from their fright and repel 
the savages, and then as mysteriously vanished. The sav- 




Block-House and Palisades. 



1675] KixG Philip's wae. 85 

ioar of Haclley was at first tliought to be an angel, but was 
afterward ascertained to be one of the fugitive judges that 
had condemned Charles T., General Goffe, who had been 
living in concealment in the neighborhood. 

For a time, Philip seemed to be everywhere. His venge- 
ful arm was felt even within eighteen miles of Boston, a 
sudden attack having been made on AVevmouth. The 
Rhode Island towns suffered with the rest, and even the 
remote settlements of Maine and Xew Hampshire were rav- 
aged. Panic seized the colonists, who beheld in this ter- 
rible war a judgment for their sins — for their pride, in 
wearing long curled hair and gay apparel — for their hurry 
to leave meeting before the blessing was pronounced. Their 
imaginations painted phantom horsemen on the clouds, and 
turned the howling of wolves into an omen of ill. 

Yet the yeomen of Massachusetts and Plymouth were 
not idle. They had laid waste the Wampanoag country, 
had sought Philip in the field; and in December, 16T5, a 
thousand men invaded the temtory of the Narragansetts, 
and completely broke the power of that once formidable 
tribe. The following spring, the Indians began to be hard 
pressed for food and ammunition. While attempting to fish 
at the Falls of the Connecticut, a considerable party of them 
was attacked and sustained a heavy reverse. 

At length without followers or resources, hunted from 
spot to spot, Philip returned to his old haunts near Mount 
Hope. The last bitter blow was the capture of his wife and 
boy. A few days after, surprised by his enemies in the re- 
cesses of a swamp, the heart-broken chief was shot by one 
of his own people who had deserted to the whites (August, 
16T6). His head was sent to Plymouth, where it was ex- 
posed on a gibbet, and the little grandson of the faithful 
Massasoit was sold as a slave in Bermuda. During this brief 
but destructive war, six hundred buildings were burned, and 
as manv of the settlers slain. 



86 TROUBLES IN VIRGINIA. [l675 

Virginia in 1675. — We left Virginia (p. 80) a loyal prov- 
ince under Sir William Berkeley, and its people oppressed and 
discontented. In 1675, Indian depredations added to their 
troubles. Maryland had been the first thus to suffer, from 
the incursions of certain tribes, driven from their homes near 
the mouth of the Susquehanna by the victorious Senecas. 
Viro'inia had succored the sister colony. The Indians had 
sent embassadors to sue for peace, and these had been treach- 
erously slain by the whites. Thus provoked, the Indians re- 
taliated wherever a defenceless plantation invited their 
attack ; and these barbarities, occurring at the same time 
with King Philip's War in New England, led the Virginians 
to suspect a general Indian plot for their destruction. 

Bacon's Rebellion. — Governor Berkeley, who derived 
])rofit from the Indian trade, and who at the same time no 
doubt honestly disapproved of the treachery that was the 
immediate cause of the war, would take no efficient meas- 
ures to protect the peo23le. Nor, when a ccmmission to lead 
a force against the savages was asked for by Nathaniel 
Bacon, a young and popular lawyer from England who had 
a seat in the governor's council, would he grant it. So Ba- 
con, hearing soon after of an attack on his own plantation, 
took the liberty of proceeding against the Indians without a 
commission (April, 1676). For this, though successful, he 
was denounced by Berkeley as a traitor. 

Peace was for a time preserved by Bacon's making con- 
cessions ; but the commission was still withheld, and soon 
the popular leader appeared before Jamestown with several 
hundred men, and extorted it from the unwilling governor. 
The Indians were defeated ; but, during Bacon's absence on 
the expedition, Berkeley declared him and his men rebels, 
and there was no alternative but civil war. The people gen- 
erally sided with Bacon, as the champion of their rights. 
Jamestown fell successively into the hands of either party, 
and in September, 1676, was burned by the patriots, several 



1676] 



bacon's rebellion. 



87 



of them firing their own dwellings, to prevent it from becom- 
ing a stronghold of the enemy. 

Success crowned the efforts of the popular party, and 
they w^cre on the point of witnessing the triumph of liberal 
principles when their able young leader sickened and died 
(Oct. 1, 1676). The " rebellion " soon died out, and the malig- 
nant Berkeley wreaked a terrible vengeance on the patriot 
leaders that survived. Nothing short of their life-blood 
would satisfy him. " God hath been inexpressibly merciful 
to this poor province," he wrote, after giving an account 
of one of his hangings ; but he himself showed no mercy. 

Culpepper, to whom, with Lord Arlington, King Charles 
II. had granted Virginia, came over in 1680 as its governor 
for life. His sole aim seems to have been to get as much 
money as possible out of his province. There would prob- 
ably have been another " rebellion," had not the king re- 
voked the grant and recalled Culpepper. But the new gov- 
ernor was of the same stamp, and Virginia as a royal prov- 
ince was for a while little better off than before. 



REVIEW BY DATES. 



Continue the Chronological Record for the following j^ears, accord- 
ing to the model on page 55. The words in parentheses will suggest the 
events. As a review, let the events be assigned in turn to different pupils, 
and each tell what he knows about his topic without being questioned. 



1606 (Grant). 

1607 (Jamestown). 

1608 (Champlain). 

1609 (Hudson). 
1614 (Manhattan). 

1619 (Assembly). 

1620 (Pilgrims). 
1622 (Massacre). 
1628 (Mass. Bay). 
1630 (Boston). 
1633 (Connecticut). 



1634 (Maryland). 

1635 (Connecticut). 

1636 (Providence). 

1637 (Pequods). 

1638 (New Haven). 
" (Swedes). 

1639 (Newport). 
" (Gorges). 

1641 (New Hampshire), 

1643 (Union). 

1644 (Indian War). 



1652 (Maine). 

1653 (North Carolina). 
1655 (New Sweden). 

1663 (Carolina). 

1664 (N. Amsterdam). 

1665 (Union). 

1670 (South Carolina). 

1673 (New York). 

1674 (Andros). 

1675 (War). 

1676 (Rebellion). 



88 



QUAKERS IN NEW JERSEY. 



CHAPTER XI. 

FOUNDING OF PENNSYLVANIA. 

Quaker Settlements in New Jersey. — Berkeley, one of 

the proprietors of New Jersey (p. 77), sold out his share to 

two Quakers, and in 
1076 the province was 
divided into East Jer- 
sey and West Jersey, 
Carteret retaining the 
former. 

The Quakers, or 
Friends, originated in 
England about 1650, 
through the teachings 
of George Fox, who 
from a shoemaker's ap- 
prentice became an 
earnest itinerant 
preacher. One of 
their leading doctrines 
was the equality of 
all men ; they kept 
their hats on even be- 

Early Settlements in New Jersey. fore the kino* himself 

and used thou and thee no matter whom they addressed. 
They thought war wrong, even when waged in self-defence, 
and never returned evil for evil. 

We have seen how these generally inoffensive Friends 
were treated in New England and Virginia. In the old 
country, also, persecution was for years their lot. They 
were reviled by the lowest of the low ; their women and 
children were dragged by the hair through the streets ; their 
meeting-houses were pulled down; their preachers were fined 




1681] WILLIAM PENn's GKANT. 89 

and imprisoned in filthy dungeons. It is not surprising, 
therefore, that they flocked to the asylum provided for them 
on the genial banks of the Delaware, and reared the flourish- 
ing villages of Salem and Burlington. After the death of 
Carteret, East Jersey also was purchased by an association 
of Quakers, at whose head stood William Penn. 

William Fenn was a son of Admiral Penn, a favorite 
officer of the Duke of York. While at Oxford University, 
the young William had embraced the doctrines of the 
Friends ; and haviilg with some others gone so far as to 
tear the college gown from the backs of his fellow-students, 
he was expelled from the university. For this and for stand- 
ing firm in his new faith, on his return home, he was beaten 
by his father and turned out of the house. But neither the 
admiral's anger nor the brilliant prospects that awaited him 
if he would yield his religious convictions, could shake his 
belief. He became a great preacher, the defender of his 
sect, and earnestly embarked in the work of colonizing his 
people where they could enjoy their principles unmolested. 

Founding of Pennsylvania. — Colonization in the New 
World had engaged the attention of William Penn, even 
before he became interested in New Jersey. As early as 
1681 he had obtained from Charles II. a large grant west 
of the Delaware, in payment of £16,000 which had been 
owed his father by the government. To this territory the 
king gave the name of Pennsylvania, though the modest 
Penn wanted it called simply Syluania {forest-land)^ and 
actually offered one of the secretaries twenty guineas to 
have the name so changed. A liberal "frame of govern- 
ment " was drawn up for the new colony ; the three south- 
ern counties (constituting the present state of Delaware) 
were added to Penn's domain ; and in 1682 the proprietor 
himself set sail with a considerable company. "I will 
found," said he, " a free colony for all mankind." 

Penn's grant embraced the territory once called New 



90 nilLADELPIllA FOUNDED. [l683 

Sweden. The Swedes had shown themselves an intelligent, 
moral, and religious people. Sending back messages by 
every traveller, they had begged that godly men would 
come from old Sweden to this strange land to keep them 
in the faith of their fathers. And godly men had come, and 
had taught their catechism not only to their own people but 
to the neighboring Delawares, freely rendering the petition 
of the Lord's Prayer, Give us this day our daily hread^ in 
the Indian tongue, " Give us always plenty of venison and 
corn." There were but three books in the whole colony, 
yet they were used so faithfully that every child could read. 

Though, on the conquest of New Sweden by the Dutch, 
such of the inhabitants as refused allegiance to Holland 
were sent back to Europe, many thrifty Swedes remained ; 
and from some of these, who were settled there, Penn bought 
a tract at the confluence of the Schuylkill and the Delaware. 
Here, in 1G83, he laid out in regular squares the city of 
Philadelphia, its name (meaning brotherly love) being an 
earnest of the principles that were to govern the Quaker 
colony. Governor Penn shortly afterward made his famous 
treaty with the neighboring Indians, who were won by his 
loving words, and promised to live in peace Avith William 
Penn and his children as long as the moon and the sun 
should endure. This treaty was never broken. 

Philadelphia grew apace ; within three years it could 
boast of six hundred houses. Solid comfort was character- 
istic of the city, rather than show. One of the residents at 
this early period wrote of the town : " There are no begars 
nor olde maydes, neither Lawyers nor Doctors, with ly cense 
to kill and make mischeef." 

An Assembly of delegates from the dilTerent counties 
was convoked, which passed on laws proposed by the gov- 
ernor and council. Swedes and Dutch were allowed equal 
riirhts with En^rlish settlers. Ship-loads of emigrants came 
over. The name of Germantown, founded in 1G84, shows 



1683] 



THE TIIKEE LOWER COUNTIES. 



91 



that some of these were from Germany, — pioneers in a great 
movement from that country, which afterward rapidly in- 
creased tlie population of Pennsylvania. 

The Three Lower Counties.— Lord Baltimore's grant and 
Penn's covering in part the same ground, there was long a 
dispute as to the line between Maryland and Pennsylvania. 
The present east-and-west boundary was fixed in 1761 by 
two surveyors, Mason and Dixon, and in the days of slavery 
was often referred to as "Mason and Dixon's line." Penn's 
title to the " three Lower Counties " was confirmed. But 
their inhabitants, growing dissatisfied, were in 1701 allowed 
a distinct Assembly of their own, and thus became virtually 
independent under the name of Delaware. They remained, 
however, under the same governor as Pennsylvania till 1776. 

Penn's Latter Days were clouded. Tlie Assembly took 
advantage of his absence in 
England to infringe on his 
rights and divert his reve- 
nues. After the fall of the 
Stuarts and the accession of 
William and Mary in 1689, 
he was thrice arrested on 
false charges of treason and 
conspiracy, growing out of 
his friendship for the deposed 
king, James II. Dishonest 
agents involved him in debt; 
anJ, when he asked the As- 
sembly of his colony for a 
moderate loan, he was re- 
fused. After a life devoted 
to the service of others, the 
pure and gentle Friend died in 1718, having received little 
reward in this world except the approval of his own con- 
science. 




92 THE NEW WORLD AT THE CLOSE 

GENERAL REVIEW AND MAP QUESTIONS. 

{Refer to the M(fj)s on pages 73, 88.) 

How was New Sweden situated ? When and where was it first settled? 
Who led the Swedes? What have we heard about Minuit before? Who 
claimed the territory of New Sweden ? On what ground ? Describe the 
people of New Sweden. What city afterward covered the site of their 
northernmost settlement? What became of New Sweden? In what four 
colonies was it successively incorporated ? 

AVhat name did the greater part of New Sweilcn bear, when included in 
Tennsylvania ? When, and under what name, did "the three Lower Coun- 
ties" become an independent colony ? Whence was the name of the colo- 
ny, river, and bay, derived ? Tell all you lau)w about Lord Delaware. 13y 
what other name was the Delaware River known among the Dutch ? 

How was Fort Nassau situated? What Indians lived on the eastern 
shore of Maryland ? Why was New Jersey so called ? By whom, and in 
what part, was it fn-st settled? How was it divided? Which was the 
larger division ? Name some of the early settlements in East Jersey. Men- 
tion some in West Jersey. 

Where do we first hear of Quakers in the New World ? Where next? 
How did New Jersey fall into their possession ? Tell all you know about 
the origin and peculiarities of the Quakers. How was AVilliam Penn con- 
neeted with New Jersey? How with Pennsylvania? With what sovereigns 
of England had Penn to do ? Mention three early settlements in Pennsyl- 
vania. 

Draw a map of New Jersey and the adjacent part of Pennsylvania, 
showing the division into East and West Jersey, the early settlements, and 
the city of Philadelphia. 



CHAPTER XII. 

7y//r NKJJ' Jl'ORLD AT THE CLOSE OF THE SEVEX- 
TEEXTH CEXTURV. 

New York. — Major Eclniuiul Aiidros, who becaine gov- 
(>rnor of New York after its reconquest from the Dutch in 
1074, was tlie fit tool of liis tyrannical master, the Duke of 
York. Under his rule, the people had nothing to say about 



OF THE BEVENTEENTII CENTURY. 93 

laying taxes or making laws ; thc3 idea of their liaving any 
rights in such matters was laughed at. 

The duke's grant extended from the Connecticut to 
Maryland ; so Andros, in the summer of 1075, sailed with a 
little fleet for Saybrook, to let the people know that he was 
their governor. The brave men of Connecticut refused to 
recognize his authority, and not liking their resolute looks 
he sailed back to New York. A similar attempt was made 
in New Jersey, but without much better success. Complaints 
against the administration of Andros finally led to his recall. 
iJongan, his successor, was authorized to convoke an Assem- 
bly, and allow the people, for the first time, a voice in their 
own government (1G83). 

Under iJongan the boundary between New York and 
Connecticut was settled, nearly as it is at present. An im- 
portant treaty was also made with the Iroquois in western 
New York. Hostilities between these Indians (the Five 
Nations) and the French broke out soon after ; Canada was 
overrun, Montreal laid waste, and hundreds of the settlers 
of New France were massacred. 

When the Duke of York became King .Tames IT. in 1685, 
tlie concessions tliat had been made to the people of New 
York were revoked, and there was a return to the tyranny 
of former times. So, on hearing in 1088 that James had been 
flriven from the throne, the New Yorkers expelled his repre- 
sentative, and, while declaring their loyalty to the new sov- 
ereigns, William and Mary, made .Tacob Leisler {lice'ler) 
provisional governor. Three years afterward, the governor 
appointed by William and Mary arrived, and Leisler surren- 
dered his authority, — but only to be tried on a charge of 
treason and hanged. 

The new governor did little for the colony. His succes- 
sor, Fletcher, displayed some energy in repelling an incur- 
sion of the French from the north ; but, while he was sus- 
pected of favoring the pirates that infested the coast, he 



94 NEW ENGLAND UNDER ANDROS. [I686 

proved himself 110 friend of popular rights. With the ap- 
pointment of the Earl of Bellamont as governor, in 1698, a 
better era dawned. 

New England under Andros. — Shortly after his accession, 
James united the New England colonies under one royal 
governor-general, and appointed his old favorite, now Sir 
Edmund Andros, to that position (168G). The charter of 
Massachusetts had been declared forfeited ; Plymouth had 
none. Not receiving from Rhode Island the surrender of 
her charter, according to his demands, Andros suppressed 
the existing government of that colony, and then (October, 
1887) proceeded to Hartford to take away the charter of 
Connecticut. 

The Assembly was in session, and the much-prized instru- 
ment was j^roduced. A warm debate, in the presence of 
Andros and an excited throng of towns-people, was pro- 
tracted into the night. The Assembly was on the point of 
yielding to the governor's demands, w^hen the lights were 
suddenly jDut out, and in the dark the precious document was 
spirited away. It w^as concealed in a hollow tree known as 
" the Charter Oak," carefully cherished by the citizens of 
Hartford till it was blown down during a violent storm in 
1856. Andros failed to effect his object, but he declared 
Connecticut a part of his government, and after the last 
entry in the records of the Assembly wrote the word .Finis 
(the end). 

The old Puritan order of things was now indeed, for the 
time, at an end in New England. The Episcopal Church 
was established. Persons that wished to be married had to 
go from all parts of Massachusetts to Boston, for there was 
the only Episcopal minister. New taxes were imposed. 
The title of the old settlers to their lands was called in ques- 
tion, and to make it good heavy fees had to be paid. No 
one was allowed to leave the colony without a ])ass from the 
governor. With all this the men of Massachusetts were so 



1687] 



NEW ENGLAND UNDEE ANDEOS. 



95 



disgusted that they would not observe their annual Thanks- 
giving, because Andros appointed it. 

But one day, news came that James was no longer king. 
Then it was the people's turn. They rose and imprisoned 
Andros ; and by the middle of May, 1689, the old govern- 
ments were reinstated in all the New England colonies. 




A^iDBOS DEilA>DLNG THE ChAETER OF COXXECTICUT. 

After two years' importunity Massachusetts obtained a 
new charter from William and Mary, by which Plymouth 
and Maine were incorporated in that colony (1692). At the 
same time, Sir William Phipps, a native of Pemmaquid, was 
appointed governor. An illiterate ship-master, who had been 
knighted for having fished up treasure from an old Spanish 
wreck off St. Domingo, Phipps did not particularly distin- 
guish himself, and retained the government but a short time. 



96 FLETCnEK m CONNECTICUT. [l693 

Fletcher in Connecticut. — In 1693 the good people of 
Connecticut were put to another trial. The commission of 
Fletcher who has just been mentioned as governor of New 
York, gave him authority over the militia of Connecticut as 
well as of his own province, and he went to Hartford to 
assume command of them. But the militia of Connecticut 
preferred to be commanded by their own officers. The troops 
were paraded ; but as soon as Fletcher's secretary began to 
read the governor's commission. Captain Wadsworth ordered 
the drums to beat. Fletcher commanded silence, and again 
the reading began ; again, at a sign from Wadsvvorth, the 
drums drowned every other sound. The enraged Fletcher 
began to storm, when Captain Wadsworth, significantly 
stepping up with his drawn sw'ord, bade the drummers go 
on. "If you interrupt them again," said he to Fletcher, "I 
will make the sun shine through you." And Fletcher inter- 
rupted them no more. 

King William's War. — A collision between the French 
and English in the New World had to come, sooner or later. 
French missionaries and fur-traders had explored the western 
rivers, and dotted the shores of the Great Lakes with scat- 
tered posts, — few and feeble, it is true, but sufficient for 
France to base on them a claim to the whole Mississippi 
Valley. But this was embraced as well in the English 
grants, which ran west to the Pacific. The shores of Hud- 
son Bay, and Newfoundland, valuable on account of its 
proximity to the fishing-banks, were also disputed territor}^ 
The French, weakened by their recent conflict with the Five 
Nations, were outnumbered ten to one hy the English, but 
had powerful allies in the eastern Indians. 

James IL, driven from the throne of England, took refuge 
with Louis XIV. of France, who engaged to assist him in 
recovering his crown. War between the two countries 
broke out in 1689. It spread to their colonies in America, 
and was there known as "King William's War." Count 



1689] KING William's war. 97 

Frontenac, now in a green old age, was a second time made 
governor of New France. The French and Indians soon 
spread terror along the frontier. The tribes of Maine and 
New Hampshire took the war-path against the English, and 
Dover and Pemmaquid suffered from the tomahawk and 
scalping-knife. Schenectady, in New York, the gate of its 
palisade left unguarded, was surprised one bitter night in 
February, 1690, by a band from Montreal. The houses were 
fired, the sleeping inhabitants murdered, and but few escaped 
into the woods half-naked, to make their way through a 
driving snow-storm to Albany — 16 miles distant — or perish 
in the drifts. The settlements on the Salmon Falls River 
and Casco Bay (see Map, p. 65) suffered in like manner. 

The northern colonies, having to bear the brunt of the 
contest, united for their own protection. Two expeditions 
were projected ; one by land against Montreal, the other by 
sea against Quebec. The former failed, Frontenac repulsing 
the advanced division, and the main body not even reaching 
the Canadian border. The attack on Quebec was equally 
unsuccessful, Phipps (afterward governor of Massachusetts) 
moving so slowly that Frontenac was prepared for either 
assault or siege. Phipps, however, took Port Royal and 
other posts in Acadia. Massachusetts met the expenses of 
the expedition with bills of credit, ranging from 5s. to £5, — 
the first paper-money ever issued in the English colonies. 

Hannah Dustin. — King William's War continued to 
afflict the colonies till 1697. Its later operations were car- 
ried on mainly by the Indian allies on either side. One in- 
cident connected with this savage warfare has made the 
name of Hannah Dustin memorable. 

This heroic woman was confined to a sick-bed in her home 
near Haverhill {ha'ver-il — see Map, p. ?i'2), in north-eastern 
Massachusetts, when the town was attacked by Indians. 
Her husband, at work in a neighboring field, kept off the 
savages with his gun while seven of his children made their 
5 



98 



HEROISM OF MRS. DUSTIN". 



[1697 




escape, but could not prevent the murder of his new-born 
babe or the capture of Mrs. Dustin and her nurse. The two 
latter were driven along, till they reached an island in the 
Merrimac a few miles above Concord. 

Here Mrs. Dustin, learning that she was to be taken 
many miles further, resolved to regain her freedom. A boy 

was her fellow - captive. 
Waking him and her nurse 
one night when the Indians 
were asleep, she assigned 
a part to each, and bade 
them strike their captors. 
Despair nerved the feeble 
arms, and ten stalwart sav- 
ages were slain with their 
own tomahawks. More 
merciful than they had 
been to her, Mrs. Dustin 
spared an Indian child, and 
one woman escaped. Seiz- 
ing on the canoe that had 
brought them thither, the 
two women and boy then 
descended the Merrimac, 
and were soon safe among 
the friends who had 
mourned them as lost. A 







The Dustin Monument. 



granite monument reared on the spot (in Bos'cawen, N. H.) 
commemorates this deed. 

The Witch-Mania. — In savage warfare atrocities were 
to be expected, but they were almost outdone by the bloody 
scenes enacted in 1692 in that part of Salem now called 
Danvers. A strange delusion on the subject of witchcraft, 
orio^inatinor in the familv^ of the minister of Salem and en- 
couraged by the credulous Cotton Mather, a learned young 



1G92] THE AVITCII-MANIA. 99 

minister of Boston, seized on the people of Massachusetts. 
A weak-minded or malicious person had only to declare that 
he was pinched, pricked, or bruised by invisible fingers, and 
some friendless old woman, or mayhap one of his own kin- 
dred, would be arrested as a witch, convicted on worthless 
testimony, and then put to death on the gallows. 

Twenty innocent persons thus suffered judicial murder — 
not to mention those who were thrust into prison — before 
the eyes of the people were opened, and the horrors w^rought 
by a few fanatical magistrates and ministers were brought 
to an end. Most of those concerned in the witch-prosecu- 
tions finally saw and lamented their error ; but Mather be- 
lieved in witches to the last, and Avrote a book to justify the 
murder of the innocents he had helped to condemn. 

Maryland, — In 1691, William and Mary made Maryland 
a royal province, revoking its charter. The Church of Eng- 
land was established, and the people taxed for its support. 
The capital was removed from St. Mary's (1694) to Provi- 
dence, on the Severn River, afterwai-d called Annapolis 
in honor of Queen Anne. The liberal provisions of Lord 
Baltimore were for a time set aside ; but after twenty-four 
years the colony was restored to the representative of the 
Calverts as proprietary, and its government remained in his 
family till about the time of the Revolution. Baltimore was 
laid out in 1730, and Frederick in 1745. 

Virginia. — In Virginia, Sir Edmund Andros turned up as 
governor in 1692 ; and here, for the first time in the New 
V^^orld, he was popular. In 1698, provision was made for 
the building of a new city as a capital, in stead of James- 
town. Its site was fixed on the peninsula between the York 
and the James River (see Map, p. 112) near the spot where a 
college endowed by the sovereigns and bearing their names 
— William and Mary — had already been erected. The new 
capital was called Williamsburg, and was laid out in the 
form of a W, in token of the loyalty of its builders. 



100 THE NEW WORLD IN ITOO. 



CONTEMPORARY EVENTS AND RULERS. 

1 700. — Massachusetts, New York, Maryland, and Virginia, royal 
provinces, ruled by governors appointed by the crown. New Hampshire 
united to Massachusetts. Connecticut and Rhode Island under charters 
which allowed them to choose their own governors. Government of the 
Jerseys unsettled, in consequence of conflicting claims. Pennsylvania, in- 
cluding " the three Lower Counties," under William Penn as governor. 
All Carolina held by the same proprietors, who appointed different governors 
for the north and south. 

Bellamont governor of New York and Massachusetts. Captain Kidd, 
arrested in Boston, awaiting trial in England as a pirate. The original 
edifice of Trinity Church, New York Cit)^, on its present site, four years old. 
Swearing and drunkenness punished with ten lashes or a fine of five shil- 
lings, in Virginia. The woollen-manufacture discouraged in the colonies by 
act of Parliament. Love of liberty and nnpatience of oppi"CSsion charac- 
teristic of all the colonies. 

Population of the colonies about 300,000. Annual exports to England 
about $1,500,000. Boston the largest city. Two colleges (Harvard, Wil- 
liam and Mary) in operation. First meeting of trustees to found a college 
in Connecticut, resulting in the establishment of Yale, first at Saybrook 
(1702), afterward at New Haven (1717).— Dlberville {dc-bare-veel'), a Cana- 
dian navigator in the service of France, exploring the lower Mississippi. 

Mexico and the other possessions of Spain in the New World under 
viceroys, who were almost absolute. The colonies sacrificed to the mother- 
country. The colonial offices, even the lowest, bestowed on Spaniards, and 
sometimes sold in Madrid to the highest bidder. Natives kept in ignorance. 
In Mexico, the colonists prohibited from cultivating flax, hemp, the vine, 
etc.,— from certain manufactures, and from foreign trade on pain of death. 
Tobacco-raising a government monopoly. Annual revenue of Mexico, 
$3,000,000.— Guiana in possession of the Dutch and French. 

Jamaica, in the West Indies (taken from the Spanish by Admiral Penn 
in 1655), under English rule. Agriculture and trade flourishing, having 
received an impetus from the Buccaneers, or pirates, who spent their gains 
freely on the island between 1660 and 1680.— The western part of St. Do- 
mingo (ITayti) in possession of France. 

William IIL king of England and stadtholder of the United Provinces. 
England enjoying the light of literature and science ; Sir Isaac Newton at 
the height of his renown. Louis XIV. of France in the fifty-seventh year 
of his reign ; his greatness waning. Peter the Great, of Russia, defeated at 
Narva by Charles XII., of Sweden. 



INCIDENTS OF QUEEN ANNe's WAK. 101 



CHAPTER XIII. 

QUEEN ANNE'S WAR.—SETTLEMENT OF GEORGIA, 
— THE SOUTH-WEST. 

Queen Anne's War. — Queen Anne, having succeeded 
William III. on the throne of England in 1702, immediately 
engaged in the War of the Spanish Succession with France 
and Spain. It extended to the American colonies, and was 
there called "Queen Anne's War." In September, 1702, 
Governor Moore of South Carolina made a descent on the 
Spanish settlement of St. Augustine. He took the town; 
but, while he was waiting for artillery with which to attack 
the fort, two men-of-war belonging to the enemy made their 
appearance ; and Moore, thinking discretion the better part 
of valor, beat a hasty — some said a cowardly — retreat. 

Three years afterward, this same governor, with a few 
English and many friendly Creeks, undertook another expe- 
dition, against the Spanish-Indian settlements near Appa- 
lachee Bay (see Map, p. 102), on the Gulf coast of northern 
Florida. He succeeded in plundering several villages, and 
taking many Indian prisoners, who were transplanted to the 
banks of the Altamaha {avd-td-md-haw'). The French, at- 
tempting an attack on Charleston in 1706, were repulsed. 

The Deerfield Massacre. — In New Hampshire and Mas- 
sachusetts, Queen Anne's War was characterized by the 
usual Indian barbarities. The massacre at Deerfield, in 
northern Massachusetts (February, 1704), was full of hor- 
rors. The place was surprised just before dawn, after the 
sentinels had retired from their posts. Climbing over tlie 
palisades on snow-drifts which reached their top, a legion 
of yelling savages were soon firing the houses and scalping 
the inhabitants. Those who escaped immediate death were 
dragged as prisoners to Canada. 



102 



CAROLINA DIVIDED. 



[1729 



One day years afterward, when Deerfield had been re- 
built, a woman attired as a squaw entered the village. In 
reply to the inquiries of the people, she declared herself a 
daughter of the former minister of the place, who had been 
taken captive the day of the massacre. Then only seven 
years old, she had grown up and married among the Indians. 
Curiosity had led her to revisit the home of her childhood ; 
but she was deaf to all entreaties to remain, and after a 
brief stay returned to her husband and children in Canada. 
The Treaty of Utrecht {yoo'trekt) terminated Queen 
Anne's War in 1713. By its terms, the peninsula of Acadia, 
thenceforth known as Nova Scotia, and the island of New- 
foundland, were ceded to the English. 

Founding of Georgia. — In 1729 Carolina was divided into 

two royal prov- 
inces, distin- 
guished as 
North and 
South, King 
George II. hav- 
ing purchased 
the rights of 
the proprietors. 
The settlements 
of the south- 
ern province 
stopped short 
of the Savan- 
nah ; and the 
region west of 
that river, as 
far as the Alta- 
maha, the king 
in 1732 granted to James Edward Oglethorpe and others, 
who called it Georgia in honor of their royal patron. 




Eaelt Settlements in Georgia. 



1733] SETTLEMENT OF GEORGIA. 103 

Debt was at this time in England punished with impris- 
onment, and the jails had been full of unfortunates who had 
no means of recovering their liberty. Oglethorpe, as benevo- 
lent as he had proved himself brave under Marlborough and 
Prince Eugene, filled with compassion for these helpless 
debtors, had obtained the release of many, and now sought 
to provide homes for them and for the poor generally be- 
neath the pleasant sky of Georgia. The official seal of the 
trustees of the new colony — a group of silk-worms, with the 
legend Not for themselves^ hut for others — was a fitting em- 
blem of their unselfish aims. 

Savannah — Oglethorpe led the first company of emi- 
grants in person, and chose for their place of settlement a 
.sightly bluff on the west bank of the Savannah River, eigh- 
teen miles from its mouth, having first obtained tlio consent 
of its Indian owners. Here he commenced the beautiful 
city of Savannah, with its wide streets, and cheerful houses 
surrounded with gardens. 

Early History of Georgia. — Jews, Protestant Austrians, 
Moravians or United Brethren, and Scottish Highlanders, 
found a home in Georgia. Friendly relations were early 
established with the Indian tribes far and near. Oglethorpe, 
having returned to England, in 1736 brought out a larger 
party than before, the brothers John and Charles Wesley, 
afterward distinguished, with the eloquent Whitefield {whW- 
field), as the founders of Methodism, accompanying him. 

The Spanish, who claimed the coast almost as far north 
as Charleston, naturally felt aggrieved at the intrusion of 
this English colony, — particularly when Oglethorpe estab- 
lished posts at intervals as far as the mouth of the St. John's 
River, which he looked upon as the dividing line between 
English and Spanish territo^3^ War was inevitable ; and in 
the summer of 1740, Oglethorpe, desiring to anticipate the 
enemy, made a sudden attack on St. Augustine. But the 
place was too strong for his little army. 



104 



EARLY HISTORY OF GEORGIA. 



[1743 



In 1742 the Spaniards retaliated, appearing in strong 
force before Frederica {fred-e-re' ka — see Map, p. 102). 
They would no doubt have taken it, but for a ruse of Ogle- 
thorpe. By means of a letter written to a deserter in their 
camp as if he had been a spy, he led the enemy to believe 
that a British fleet was near at hand, and thus frightened 
them into a retreat after an unsuccessful attempt to reach 
the town. 

Peace returned to the colony in time, but without bring- 
ing, for several years, the expected measure of prosperity. 
Some of the settlers were not the right stuff for pioneers ; 
nor were the regulations laid down by the trustees, though 
well-intended, always the wisest. Indigo and silk were pro- 
duced in the Moravian settlements, but elsewhere agriculture 
languished. Slavery, at first prohibited as opposed to the 
interests of poor white laborers, was finally allowed in com- 
pliance with the wishes of the people. From that time 
planting was carried on more largely and profitably. In 
1752 the charter was surrendered to the king, and as a royal 
province Georgia grew steadily in population and wealth. 

French Settle- 
ments in the South- 
west. — Following up 
La Salle's explorations 
(p. 82), the French, 
just as the seven- 
teenth century was 
closing, attempted to 
colonize Louisiana. 
They founded Biloxi 
(he lok'se), on the 
Gulf of Mexico, in 
1G99, and seventeen 
years later Fort Rosa- 

French Settlements in the South-west. ilG yVO-Za-le j, on tne 




1711] SETTLEMENTS IN LOUISIANA. 105 

Mississippi, where the city of Natchez now stands — the first 
settlements in the present state of Mississippi. Several 
posts were also planted within the limits of what is now Ala- 
bama. Mobile, which dates from 1711, was the early capital 
of the French province. 

New Orleans, the first permanent settlement in our pres- 
ent Louisiana, was laid out by colonists sent over in 1718, 
and was called after the Duke of Orleans, then regent of 
France. Its beginnings were humble, the occupants of the 
few huts first thrown up among the canes and trees ap- 
parently "waiting for houses." Its advantages for com- 
merce, however, w^ere so evident that in 1723 it superseded 
Mobile as the capital. 

The Mississippi Scheme. — From 1717 to 1732, Louisiana 
was under the control of a company which had obtained 
from the French government grants of its colonial posses- 
sions, as well as a monopoly of the foreign trade, and on 
these as a basis of credit made an enormous issue of paper- 
money. " The Mississippi Scheme," as it was called, man- 
aged by an unscrupulous gambler named Law, infatuated 
the whole French people. Inexhaustible mines were to be 
opened in Louisiana and to enrich everybody connected with 
the company. Nobles, priests, ladies, all classes, contended 
for the stock, and the shares soon rose to sixty times their 
original price. But the frenzy was as short-lived as violent. 
One day in May, 1720, the bubble burst ; and the next, a 
man might have had millions of Law's paper-money in his 
pocket and yet starved. "Mississippi" and "Louisiana" 
were for a time names of evil omen among the French 
people, and immigration came to a stand-still. 

Louisiana at this time contained several thousand inhab- 
itants. Agriculture was carried on chiefly by slave-labor. 
Rice was the principal crop ; tobacco and indigo were also 
raised. Grain for the support of the settlers came down the 
Mississippi from the growing Illinois settlements, in increas- 



106 EAELY IIISTOEY OF LOUISIANA. [lT29 

ing quantities. The French at Fort Rosalie, attempting to 
wrest from the Natchez Indians their ancient capital, were 
massacred by the latter (1729) ; and a few months afterward 
the Natchez were in turn destroyed as a nation by a force 
from New Orleans. Two attempts were made by the French 
to punish the Chickasaws, who were suspected of having in- 
stigated the attack on Fort Rosalie, but neither succeeded. 

There is nothing further to note in the history of Lou- 
isiana till 1762, when it was ceded to Spain. 



REVIEW— THE THIRTEEN COLONIES. 
We have now traced the events connected with the birth of the Thir- 
teen Colonics, extending from 1607, the date of the founding of Virginia, 
to 1733, when the first settlement was planted in Georgia. During this 
period, England had the following sovereigns : — 

James I., . . . 1603-1625 ! Charles II., . . 1660-1685 



Charles I., . . 1625-1649 

Commonwealth, . 1649-1653 

Protectorate, . 1653-1659 

Oliver Cromwell, 1653-1658 

Richard Cromwell, 1658-1659 

Restoration, . . . 1660 



James II., . . 1685-1688 

William and Mary, . 1689-1694 

William III., . 1689-1702 

Anne, . . . 1702-1714 

George I., . . 1714-1727 

George II., . . 1727-1760 



Itevicu: — bet one scholar write on the blackboard in a column the 
names of the Thirteen Colonies, in the order of their settlement. Let an- 
other, in a second column, write opposite to each what nation planted the 
first settlement. Let a third supply the dates ; a fourth write the name of 
the first settlement, or where it was made. Other members of the class 
may be called on to tell who was sovereign of England when each first set- 
tlement was made (see Table above)— What person was most prominent in 
the founding of each colony, and facts connected with his history — Any in- 
teresting circumstances connected with the founding — What colonies, once 
distinct, do not appear among the Thirteen, having been absorbed in some 
other — Which of the colonies were royal provinces. 

What was the political condition of Maine ? In which of the eoloi.ies 
did slavery exist ? At the beginning of the eighteenth century, what moun- 
tains virtually bounded the English colonics on the west ? How far did they 
claim to extend ? What powers besides England had settlements in North 
America? Where were the French settlements? Where the Spanish ? 



1715] CONQUEST OF CAPE BRETON. 107 

CHAPTER XIV. 
KING GEORGE'S WAR.— WASHINGTON'S MISSION. 

King George's War. — Queen Anne's War (p. 101) was 
followed by peace with France till 1744. Jn this year, Vir- 
ginia and Maryland sought to strengthen their title to the 
lands in the basin of the Ohio, by purchasing the right and 
interest of the Iroquois therein. This of course increased 
the suspicion of the French, and when France and England 
arrayed themselves against each other in the Old World, in 
the War of the Austrian Succession, their American colonies 
at once followed the example. The struggle was here known 
as "King George's War." 

The Capture of Louisburg, a fortress of immense strength 
on the eastern coast of Cape Breton Island {kape hrit'fn — 
see Map, p. 5G), was the great event that signalized this 
war. It was taken from the French by some four thousand 
New Englanders — fishermen, lumberers, mechanics, and 
farmers — commanded by Gen. Pep'perell, a native of Maine, 
and aided by a British fleet. 

Merrily rang the bells of Boston, when it was announced 
that after six weeks' siege "the Gibraltar of America," with 
its walls 40 feet thick and 25 feet high, defended by a hun- 
dred cannon, had surrendered to the colonial army (June 17, 
1745). Equally great were the rejoicings when, in the two 
following years, two powerful expeditions sent by the 
French for the recovery of Cape Breton utterly failed. And 
equally great was the mortification when, by the treaty 
which closed the war in 1748, the men of New England saw 
the fruits of their prowess wrested from them and Louisburg 
restored to France, while the boundaries were still left in 
dispute. But, if attended with no other advantage. King 
George's War had taught the colonies their own strength. 



lOS CONFLICTING CLAIMS. [l749 

French and English Claims. — The peace that followed 
was necessarily of short continuance. How could it be 
otherwise, when the English were gradually working their 
way west under royal grants and Indian deeds, while the 
French based their claims on discovery and actual occu- 
pancy, and had, to support them, a cordon of forts from 
New Orleans to Detroit? A grant made by the English 
croAvn in 1740, of 500,000 acres on the Ohio, for the pur- 
pose of planting settlers beyond the AUeghanies and trad- 
ing with the wes^rn tribes, brought matters to a crisis. 

The Ohio Company soon had surveyors at work on their 
lands ; but not before the French, pushing down from their 
strong post of Presque Isle (press keel') on Lake Erie, had 
established forts at Le Banif (leh buff') and Venango in 
the north-west of Pennsylvania. The next movement on 
the part of the French was to break up an English post in 
what is now western Ohio, and to carry off its occupants 
as captives. The governor of Virginia saw the storm com- 
ing, and the necessity of preparing for it. But first by 
a trusty messenger he would send a remonstrance to the 
French commander, and demand his withdrawal from the 
Ohio Valley. For this delicate mission George Washing- 
ton, the future saviour of his country, was selected. 

Youth of Washington, — Washington was born on the 
Potomac, in Westmoreland County, Virginia, February 22, 
1732. His father, one of the high-toned planters of Vir- 
ginia, left him an orphan at the age of eleven ; and on his 
mother, whose virtues he reverenced and whose early pre- 
cepts he ever remembered, devolved the duty of moulding 
liis character. His youth was full of promise. An accom- 
plished horseman, proficient in all manly exercises, he was 
no less amiable in disposition, modest, and truthful. His 
mother summed it all up years afterward, when he had be- 
come the nation's idol ; " I am not surprised at his success," 
she said, '* for George always was a good boy.'''' 



1748] 



YOUTH OF WASIIINGTOX. 



109 




\sw\^(i-.CA:<b^K.A-^v»v^- 



In his studies, which were plain 
and practical, George acquitted 
himself with credit. He became a good mathematiciau, and 
at the age of sixteen was employed by Lord Fairfax to sur- 
vey his extensive lands beyond the Blue Ridge ; a respon- 
sible work for one so young, and not without its dangers, 
yet most satisfactorily performed. At nineteen he was ap- 
pointed adjutant-general of a military district, with the rank 
of major. This position he held two years afterward, when 
the governor of Virginia sent him on the mission referred 
to, saying with a broad Scotch accent, " Ye're a braw lad, 
and gin ye play your cards weel, ye shall hae nae cause to 
rue your V>argain." 

"Washington's Mission. — Tlje "braw lad" started from 
Williamsburg, October 31, 1153, on his journey of five hun- 
dred miles — much of it through a wilderness full of perils. 



110 Washington's mission. [1753 

His course (sec it traced on the Map, p. 112) led him to the 
upper Potomac, across the Alleghanies, down a tributary of 
the Monongahela and that river itself, to where it joins the 
Alleghany to form the Ohio. Noting the commanding ad- 
vantages of this position, Washington went on to Logstown, 
w^liere he had a conference with the Indians, already thor- 
oughly alarmed — inasmuch as, between " their fathers the 
French " and " their brothers the English," they found them- 
selves likely to be left without land enough to raise a wig- 
wam on. He succeeded in obtaining from them new prom- 
ises of friendship, and accompanied by three of their chiefs 
struggled on through the storms of early winter to the 
French forts, Venango and Le Boeuf. 

The wily Frenchman received Washington courteously, 
but declared that he must obey his orders ; while the other 
oflicers made no secret of their intention, as soon as spring 
opened, to sweep the English from the whole Ohio Valley. 
At the same time every effort was secretly made to cor- 
rupt Washington's Indian companions, by plying them with 
liquor and promises. It was with difficulty that the young 
ambassador, having received a formal reply in writing for 
the governor, could get his red allies away from the fort. 

On the way back, Washington was environed with dan- 
gers. His horses were jaded, and deep snows made the 
journey on foot toilsome and perilous. The streams were 
swollen, and drifting ice jerked him from a raft into the Al- 
leghany, where he narrowly escaped being swept away and 
drowned. Lurking savages lay in wait, and a treacherous 
Indian guide fired at him from a distance of fifteen paces. 
But Providence saved his life. He completed his mission in 
safety, and brought back, not only the Frenchman's reply, 
but also full particulars as to the enemy's preparations 
gathered by his own eye, as well as important information 
gleaned from some deserters, respecting the French forces 
at the posts on the Mississippi. 



1754] 



FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 



Ill 



A great struggle was at hand. It is known as the 
French and Indian War, and lasted from 1754 to 1763. 
The English colonies at this time contained about 1,500,000 
souls ; New France, scarcely 100,000. 



REVIEW BY DATES. 

Continue the Chronological Eecord from page 87, according to the 
following suggestions. As a review, let the several events, as filled in, be 
assigned in turn to different pupils, and each tell what he knows about his 
topic. 

1698 (New capital). 

1699 (Mississippi). 
1*700 (D'Iberville). 
1702 (War). 
1704 (Massacre). 
1711 (City founded). 
1713 (Acadia). 
1718 (City founded). 
1729 (Carolina). 



1676 (New Jersey). 

1680 (South Carolina). 

1681 (Wm. Penn). 
1683 (City founded). 
1686 (Andros). 
1689 (War). 
1692 (Plymouth). 

" (AVitchcraft). 
1694 (New capital). 



1729 (Massacre). 

1730 (The Natchez). 
" (City founded). 

1732 (Washington). 

1733 (Georgia). 

1744 (War). 

1745 (City taken). 
1749 (Grant). 
1753 (Washington). 



CHAPTER XV. 

FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR BEGUN. 

Commencement of Hostilities.— Hardly had Washington 
made his report, before a party of Virginians were at work 
on a fort at the junction of the Alleghany and Monongahela 
Rivers. Troops were enlisted and dispatched as promptly 
as possible, to protect the laborers. Illness disabling their 
colonel, the leadership devolved on Washington, who had 
been second in command. Before this little force was near 
its destination, a thousand Frenchmen from Yenango 
swooped down on the unfinished fort, captured it, and 
going on with the work gave it the name of Du Quesne 
{(lu kcme'), the governor-general of New France. 



11^ 



FRENCH AND INDIAN WAE. 



[lT54 



The Indian allies of the English, now exposed to attack, 
sent urgent messages to Washington to hurry to their aid. 

But cutting roads 
and dragging cannon 
tlirough an untrod- 
den wilderness were 
slow work. At 
length, informed that 
a party of French 
was hovering about 
him with hostile de- 
signs, and that his 
Indian allies were 
not far off, the young 
commander threw up 
a rude stockade, af- 
terward very proper- 
ly named Fort Neces- 
sity, and with a few 
of his Virginians 
pressed on to meet 
the Red Men. With 
them he planned an 
immediate attack on 
the enemy, who w^ere 
found to be but a 

Scene of Hostilities in the Ohio Valley. reconnoitring -party, 

and who fancied themselves secure in a concealed encamp- 
ment near at hand. A few moments sufficed for the defeat 
and capture of the French. Their leader was slain, and but 
one of the party escaped. Washington was unhurt, but 
" heard the bullets whistle, and found something charming 
in the sound." 

The French were soon moving in strong force from Fort 
Du Quesne, to avenge this reverse. Straitened for supplies 




1754] PROPOSED UNION. 113 

and disappointed of expected re-enforcements, Washington 
fell back to Fort Necessity and there awaited the enemy. 
But their numbers were overwhelming. For a day (July 3, 
1754) the unequal contest was maintained ; but at its close 
the English were glad to accept the honorable terms offered 
by their assailants. The next morning they marched out 
with drums beating and colors flying, leaving Fort Necessity, 
and with it the whole region west of the Alleghanies, in the 
hands of the French. 

Proposed Union of the Colonies. — Shortly before the 
capitulation of Fort Necessity, a meeting of representatives 
from the colonies north of the Potomac was held at Albany. 
They met for two purposes : first, to take such measures as 
would confirm the wavering loyalty of the Iroquois of west- 
ern New York (commonly called " the Six Nations," after 
the Tuscaroras were received in 1714) ; secondly, to brin^ 
about a confederation of the colonies, with a view to united 
action during the struggle with the French. Presents and 
promises some*vhat appeased the sachems who attended the 
conference, though they complained of the slow movements 
of the English ; but the proposed union failed. The plan 
submitted to the colonies, prepared in the main by Benjamin 
Franklin, a delegate from Pennsylvania, proved unsatisfac- 
tory and was rejected. 

Franklin, one of the shining lights in the early history 
of America, was born in Boston in 1706. First an assistant 
to his father in the art of making candles, and later an ap- 
prentice in an elder brother's printing-office, where he em- 
braced every opportunity to store his mind with useful 
knowledge, he finally at the age of seventeen started out 
to seek his fortune, and arrived in Philadelphia with but a 
dollar in his pocket. From this time we find him steadily 
advancing — enlarging his ideas by a visit to London — estab- 
lishing a printing-office of his own in Philadelphia — found- 
ing the first circulating library in America — publishing 



114 FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. [lT55 

" Poor Richard's Almanac " — and filling different official 
positions with ability, till at last he was made postmaster- 
general for the British colonies. 

Franklin was a great philosopher as well as statesman. 
His establishment of the fact that thunder and lightning are 
simply the results of electric discharges in the clouds, ranks 
among the great discoveries of the age. This he proved 
with a kite raised in the air during a thunder-storm (June, 
1752); the electric fluid was collected in a key attached to the 
string, and passed in a spark to his knuckle when presented. 
The invention of the lightning-rod followed. An eminent 
French statesman justly said of Franklin, that " he wrested 
the thunderbolt from heaven and the sceptre from tyrants." 

Braddock's Campaign. — England and France professed to 
be at peace, yet both sent forces to the New World to sup- 
port their colonies. On the part of the former. Gen. Brad- 
dock was intrusted with the chief command. He brought 
over two regiments, which were to be strengthened with 
colonial levies, and meeting several of the governors on the 
Potomac arranged the plan of the campaign. The principal 
expedition was undertaken by the commander-in-chief in 
person. It had in view first the recovery of the Ohio Val- 
ley, and then the reduction of Forts Niagara and Frontenac 
(see Map, p. 112). Washington joined Braddock's army as 
aid. In spite of great difficulties of transportation, the ad- 
vanced division, on the 9th of July, 1755, reached a point on 
the bank of the Monongahela about seven miles from Fort 
Du Quesne. 

Here the French, who had with difficulty persuaded their 
savage allies to join in an attack on the approaching army, 
had laid an ambuscade ; into which Braddock, inexperienced 
in Indian wiles and disregarding the warnings of Washing- 
ton, but too easily fell. The terrible war-whoop was sud- 
denly raised, and a heavy fire opened on both flanks. In 
vain the British troops returned it ; the foe, sheltered be- 



1755] BRADDOCk's CAMPAIGN. 115 

hind trees and rocks, were invisible. In vain the British 
officers, who behaved with the utmost bravery, tried to lead 
their men into the covert, to clear it with the bayonet. Un- 
used to such warfare, even the veterans were panic-struck. 
Braddock was mortally wounded. The order to retreat was 
given, and then commenced a disgraceful flight. Braddock's 
fine army was destroyed. The French, who had expected 
no such result and had actually thought of abandoning Du 
Quesne, gained a complete victory. 

Washington, ever in the thickest of the fight, had two 
horses shot under him, and received four bullets through his 
coat, but escaped without a wound. Many years afterward, 
an old chief told him that he had been fired at repeatedly by 
both himself and his braves, but that finding him proof 
against their bullets they at last gave it up, convinced that 
he was under the special protection of the Great Spirit. 
With his few surviving Virginia Rangers, he covered as well 
as he could the melancholy retreat. But everything was 
lost ; even the post at the mouth of Will's Creek, where the 
city of Cumberland now stands, was abandoned. The fron- 
tier of Virginia and Pennsylvania was thus left at the mercy 
of marauding bands, and many who had established them- 
selves beyond the Blue Ridge sought safety in the older 
settlements. 

Braddock's expedition having failed, the colonial force 
that was to have acted with him against Forts Niagara and 
Frontenac accomplished nothing but the building of a new 
fort at Oswego, on the south-eastern shore of Lake Ontario. 

Movements near Lake George. — Braddock's plan had in- 
cluded an expedition under Gen. William Johnson against 
the French fortress at Crown Point. This place, on the 
western side of Lake Champlain, was important as one of 
the keys to Canada. Fort Edward having been built on the 
upper Hudson, Johnson advanced with several thousand co- 
lonial troops to the head of the beautiful Horicon, whose 



lu; 



FEENCII AND INDIAN WAE. 



[l755 



Indian name he changed to Lake George in honor of the 

reigning king. 

While he was here waiting for boats, Dieskau (dees'kdio), 

with an army of French and Indians from Montreal, was re- 
ported to be but 
a few miles off. 
A detachment 
sent out to hold 
him in check was 
driven back in 
confusion ; and 
Dieskau, pursu- 
ing the fugitives 
to camp, made a 
vigorous assault 
on the main body 
(September 8, 
1755). His In- 
dians, however, 
refused to come 
to close quar- 
ters ; the colo- 
nial troops stood 
their ground gal- 
lantly ; Dieskau 
was thrice se- 
verely wounded; 
and the French, 
after a sharp 
struggle, were 
repulsed with 
loss. But John- 

Lake George and Vicinity. . „ 

son, in stead oi 
following up this victory, for which the country was little in- 
debted to him though it procured him the honor of knight- 




1755] CONQUEST OF ACADIA. 117 

hood, allowed the French to take post at Ticonderoga, and 
contented himself with building Fort William Henry near 
the scene of the battle. 

Conquest of New Brunswick. — Nova Scotia had for forty 
years been under British rule ; but the country from the 
isthmus to Maine, constituting what is now New Brunswick, 
was still in possession of the French, who had three weak 
forts to protect it. These were easily taken, and with them 
the whole region, by a naval and land force sent out from 
Boston in May, 1755. The innocent Acadians were then 
with wanton cruelty required to leave the province ; their 
thriving fiocks, and fruitful farms, and pleasant homes, must 
be given up to satisfy the greed of their conquerors. Thou- 
sands of this hapless people were forced on board of British 
vessels — half-clad, without resources, and broken-hearted, 
children separated from parents, wives torn from husbands 
— and distributed among the colonies, to die in exile and 
despair. England had not much to boast of in her subjuga- 
tion of Acadia. 

Movements of 1756. — In the spring of 1756, France and 
England could no longer ignore the state of things in Amer- 
ica, and war was formally declared. The accomplished Mar- 
quis de Montcalm [mo7it-kahm') was appointed to the chief 
command of the French forces, the inefficient Lord Loudoun 
{low'cVn) to that of the English. Soon after his arrival, 
Montcalm made a dash upon Oswego ; and by the middle of 
August it was in his hands, with its artillery, stores, boats, 
and sixteen hundred prisoners. Loudoun did nothing, and 
New York had the pleasure of feeding a host of idle officers 
through the winter. 



GENERAL REVIEW. 



Tell all you know about the founding and situation of St. Augustine, 
Jamestown, Quebec, New York, Albany, Plymouth, Boston, Hartford, 
Providence, New Haven, Newport, Montreal, Charleston, Philadelphia, 



118 FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. [lT57 

Annapolis, Williamsburg, Detroit (1101), Mobile, New Orleans, Balti- 
more, Savannah. 

Recount all the circumstances you can remember, connected with 



The Pequod War, 1636, 1637 

King Philip's War, 1675, 1676 
Bacon's Rebellion, 1676 



King William's War, 1689-1697 
Queen Anne's War, 1702-1713 
King George's War, 1744-1748 



CHAPTER XVI. 

FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR CONCLUDED. 

Loudoun at the Front. — As bis work for the summer of 
1757, Lord Loudoun proposed the capture of Louisburg 
(p. 107). He sailed to HaUfax, Nova Scotia, in June, with 
both regulars and colonial troops, and was there heavily re- 
enforced from England. If Loudoun could have taken Louis- 
burg by drilling his fine army on the parade-ground at Hali- 
fax, he would have done it. But when he heard that there 
was one more ship in the French fleet than his own, he gave 
up the enterprise and sailed back to New York, the laugh- 
ing-stock of the colonies. 

Capture of Fort William Henry. — Montcalm was cast in 
a different mould. Moving rapidly from Canada and ascend- 
ing Lakes Champlain and George at the head of an army of 
French and Indians, he threw himself on Fort William Henry 
(see Map, p. IIG). Here Colonel Monro was in command. 
He held the fort till half of his guns had burst and there 
was little or no ammunition left with which to serve the 
rest, in the hope that Gen. Webb, who lay with 4,000 men 
at Fort Edward, only fourteen miles away, would hasten to 
his relief. But no such thought was in Webb's mind. He 
wrote to Monro that he had better surrender, and talked 
himself of falling back on iVlbany. 



1T57] CAPTURE OF FORT WILLIAM HENRY. 119 

For Monro, there was nothing left but to capitulate. This 
he did, August 9, 1757, on the promise of a safe escort to 
Fort Edward, his men pledging themselves not to serve 
ap-ainst France for eighteen months. But no sooner had 
the evacuation commenced, than the Indians began plunder- 
ing the English soldiers and slaying them if they resisted. 
Vainly the French officers risked their lives to protect their 
late enemies ; the retreat was turned into a flight and mas- 
sacre. Fort William Henry was destroyed. Webb, glad to 
be let alone, made no effort even to harass the French as 
they withdrew. The incompetency of her leaders had cost 
England dear. At the close of 1757, her territory in Amer- 
ica was reduced to one-twentieth of that held by France. 

Events of 1758. — The year 1758 opened under better 
auspices. The far-seeing statesman, William Pitt, called to 
the head of affairs in the mother-country, had taken ener- 
getic measures for conducting the war. The weak Loudoun 
was recalled, and abler generals were sent over. The colo- 
nies were invited to raise troops, and it was now for the 
first time conceded that their officers should rank with offi- 
cers of corresponding grades in the regular service. 

Repulse at Ticonderoga. — "The great Commoner," 
as Pitt was called, was the people's idol ; and the colonies 
responded heartily to his call. Nine thousand provincial 
troops were soon on the shores of Lake George, to coSperate 
with 6,000 regulars under Generals Abercrombie and Howe, 
for the capture of Ticonderoga (see Map, p. 116). Montcalm 
held this post with less than 4,000 men, but he was a host 
in himself. Howe was the main reliance of the English 
army, but unfortunately he was slain in a skirmish before 
the French works were reached. Abercrombie rashly ordered 
an assault before his cannon were brought up. When af- 
ter repeated attempts and great slaughter his men were beat- 
en back, he seems to have forgotten his artillery altogether, 
and abandoning the enterprise beat a precipitate retreat. 



120 FRENCH AND INDIAN WAE. [lT58 

This failure was partially compensated by the capture of 
Fort Frontenac, on Lake Ontario (see Map, p. 112), with its 
garrison, valuable stores, and several armed vessels — an 
achievement due to Gen. Bradstreet and the provincial 
troops. 

Conquest of Cape Breton. — Shortly after Abercrom- 
bie's repulse, the colonies were gladdened by the news that 
Louisburg, and with it Cape Breton and Prince Edward 
Island, had been taken (July 26th) by Gen. Amherst, with 
10,000 British troops direct from England and thirty-seven 
men-of-war. Along the whole eastern coast, the French 
flag was no longer visible. Louisburg was abandoned, Hali- 
fax having already become the chief naval station of Great 
Britain in this quarter. 

Capture of Fort Du Quesne. — The third expedition, 
toward which the central colonies contributed largely, had 
in view the recovery of Fort Du Quesne. Owing to ill- 
judged delays, success was doubtful, when Washington ob- 
tained permission to push on with a brigade of provincials. 
The French stayed not for their coming, but hastened down 
the Ohio by the light of their burning works, to which they 
had themselves applied the torch. On the 25th of Novem- 
ber, 1758, the British flag was raised over the smoking ruins 
of Du Quesne. In honor of the great minister who had so 
nobly retrieved the fortunes of his country in America, the 
new fortress speedily erected on the site was called Fort 
Pitt, whence the name of the present city of Pittsburgh. 

Washington, not yet twenty-seven, returned from this 
expedition covered with glorv, and six weeks afterward 
married Mrs. Martha Custis. With her he settled down at 
Mount Vernon, a fine estate on the Potomac inherited from 
his brother. Here, except when Washington was required 
at Williamsburg as a member of the House of Burgesses, 
they passed the next fifteen years — the husband industrious- 
ly managing his large plantation, and indulging his taste for 



1759] 



EVENTS OF 1759. 



121 



^ ^ 








Mount Vernon. 

duck-shooting and fox-hunting — the wife, ever attentive to 
her household duties, superintending fifteen spinning-wheels, 
and entertaining her numerous guests with peculiar grace. 

The results of the year's campaign were highly encourag- 
ing to England. The French colonists, on the other hand, 
ill supported by the home government and almost famine- 
struck, began to cry for "peace, no matter wdth what 
boundaries." 

The Campaign of 1759 was planned with judgment and 
carried out w^ith vigor. General Amherst, to whom the 
chief command was assigned, seized on Ticonderoga and 
Crown Point, the French retiring before him into Canada 
without giving battle. Equally bloodless was the recovery 
of the country between Fort Pitt and Lake Erie. Fort 
Niagara, at the point where the Niagara River enters Lake 
Ontario, stood a brief siege, but toward the close of July 
fell before the English arms. 

The Capture of Quebec was now the sole link that re- 
mained to complete the chain of British triumphs. Before 
6 



122 



FRENCH AND INDIAN WAK. 



[1759 



this seemingly impregnable fortress, defended by 2,000 
French regidars and four times as many brave but untried 
Canadian militia under Montcalm, near the end of June 
appeared Gen. James Wolfe, with 8,000 British regulars 
and more than forty armed vessels. The lower town was 
soon razed to the ground ; but the citadel, perched on a 
lofty promontory, every approach to which bristled with 
guns, defied his utmost efforts. 

A month went by, and Wolfe, chafing under the delay 
and resolved not to disappoint his country, planned an as- 
sault on the French lines below the city resting on the 
Montmorency {^moiit-mo-refi' se) River. The attempt was 

bravely made, but as 
bravely met and de- 
feated by his vigilant 
adversary. Another 
month passed, and 
Wolfe was almost in 
despair. At length, 
while closely inspect- 
ing the cliff above the 
town, the quick eye 
of the commander 
espied a narrow path 
leading up from the 
river, rugged and dif- 




QUEBEC 

A^'D THE 
VICINITY 



ficult indeed, yet not impassable to resolute men. Could 
this pathway be ascended, the slender guard at the top be 
surprised, and the British army be formed upon the Plains 
of Abraham, which extended along the brow of the cliff, 
success was almost certain. 

Slight though the chance, Wolfe felt that it was worth 
the risk. The attention of the enemy was diverted by 
feints in other quarters, and on the night of September 12th 
the English army floated noiselessly down with the tide, 



1T59] Wolfe's capture of Quebec. 123 

landed, and began to climb the j)recipitous bluff. A few 
shots dispersed the Canadian picket that guarded the height, 
and in the gray dawn, the British host stood ready for bat- 
tle on the Plains they had so long desired to reach. 

Montcalm, though thunderstruck at the news, hastened 
to give battle. But the discipline of the British veterans 
was too much for the burghers of Quebec, and even for the 
regulars whom they supported. The French wavered, and 
when charged by their enemies led by Wolfe in person gave 
way at every point. But in the very arms of victory the 
youthful hero was mortally wounded. The shades of death 
had gathered on his brow, when he was told that the French 
were in full fliglit. " Now God be praised — I die hapjDy ! " 
were his last words. 

No less glorious was the fate of Montcalm, who, after 
performing prodigies of valor, received a musket-ball while 
rallying his men. Informed that he must die in a few hours, 
he exclaimed: *' So much the better ; I shall not live to see 
the surrender of Quebec." Nor did he. The next morning- 
he breathed his last ; the city held out four days longer. 
How the true hearts in England and the colonies leaped 
with joy at the news that Quebec was taken ! 

Close of the War. — In the spring of 1760, the French, 
descending from Montreal, tried to recapture Quebec, but 
after winning a battle near the city were driven off by a 
British squadron. Four months later (September, 1760) 
three English armies, advancing respectively from Oswego, 
Quebec, and Crown Point, were concentrated before Mon- 
treal. Resistance to this overwhelming force was out of the 
question. The French governor at once surrendered, not 
only the city, but all Canada. 

Thus gloriously to the English arms terminated the land 
operations of the French and Indian War. When the young 
king, George IIL, took his seat on the throne in October, 
1760, he found his rivals in the New World completely hum- 



124: FRENCH AND INDIAN WAK. [l762 

bled. The French islands in the West Indies were soon 
taken by a British fleet ; and in August, 1762, Havana, the 
capital of Cuba and key to the Gulf of Mexico, was wrested 
from Sj^ain, which had rushed madly into hostilities with 
England. 

France could no longer protract the struggle. By a 
treaty ratified in 1703, she gave up all her territory in 
America — the country east of the Mississippi, New Orleans 
excepted, to the English — all the rest, New Orleans and 
Louisiana west of the great river, to the Spanish, as an in- 
demnification for their losses in the war. Spain, in exchange 
for the captured Havana, ceded the whole of Florida to 
England. 

The people of Louisiana did not like the transfer from 
France to Spain ; and, as the latter power did not take im- 
mediate possession, they set up an independent government. 
But it was short-lived. A fleet was sent over in 17G8, the 
popular leaders were put down, and SjDanish authority was 
finally established. 

Cherokee War. — Before the capture of Montreal as just 
related, difficulties had arisen with the Cherokees (see Map, 
p. 38), up to this time faithful allies of the English. Wise 
counsels might easily have averted war ; but unfair treat- 
ment on the part of the pale-faces provoked the red moim- 
taineers to dig up the tomahawk, and the frontier of Carolina 
suffered. It was not till the Cherokee country, situated in 
the upper valley of the Tennessee Biver, was ravaged by an 
invading army, not till their villages were burned and many 
of their w^arriors were killed, that peace was restored (17G1). 

Pontiac's War. — As soon as England had taken posses- 
sion of the posts acquired in the French and Indian War, a 
stream of emigration poured into the fertile plains beyond 
the AUeghanies. The western Indians at once took alarm. 
Under the inspiration of Pontiac, a sagacious chief of the 
Ottawas, they formed a secret plot for the extermination of 



1763] PONTIAC'S WAR. 125 

the nev/-comers. Treacherous attacks were simultaneously 
made on the different garrisons, and all the western posts 
except Fort Pitt, Niagara, and Detroit, fell into the hands 
of the savages. 

Failing to surprise Detroit, Pontiac beleaguered it in 
person, showing great skill in his conduct of the siege, and 
issuing birch-bark notes, signed with the figure of an otter 
and always punctually met, to pay for his supplies. But 
Detroit held out till relief came from the east. In the sum- 
mer of 1764, most of the tribes, tired of the siege and awed 
by the preparations of the English, signed a treaty of peace. 
Pontiac, worthy of a better fate, was murdered by an Indian 
bribed with a barrel of rum to commit the crime. 



GENERAL REVIEW AND MAP QUESTIONS. 

{Refer to the Maps on pages 112, 116, 122.) 

Name three French posts in what is now north-western Pennsylvania, 
at the commencement of the French and Indian War. How was Presque 
Isle situated ? On what river was Venango ? What place now covers the 
site of Presque Isle? Of Fort Le B«uf? Of Venango? Of Fort Du 
Quesne ? 

How was Fort Du Quesne situated ? Narrate the incidents connected 
with its erection. What Indian town stood on the Ohio, just below Fort 
Du Quesne? What places were in Pennsylvania, on or near the Susque- 
hanna ? What capital has grown up at Harris's Ferry ? 

Give an account of Washington's mission. What was the general di- 
rection of his route? Through what places did he pass? Where was Fort 
Necessity ? Relate the events connected with this fort. 

What river connects Lake Erie with Lake Ontario ? What fort stood 
at the mouth of the Niagara River ? What is the outlet of Lake Ontario ? 
Where was Fort Frontenac ? In what connection did you first hear of Fort 
Frontenac ? Where is Oswego ? In what connection was Oswego first men- 
tioned ? Where were the Six Nations ? To what great Indian family did 
they belong ? 

How is Albany situated ? Schenectady ? Give an account of the mas- 
sacre at Schenectady. How was Fort Edward situated ? Where was Dieskau 
defeated ? Where was Fort William Henry ? By whom was it erected ? 



126 THE EVE OF THE REVOLUTION. [l763 

With what body of water is Lake George connected ? What place on 
Lake Champlain, just below the inlet from Lake George ? How was Crown 
Point situated ? Lender what circumstances was Lake Champlain discovered ? 
What place stood near its head? What is Skenesborough now called? 
Whitehall. What was the Indian name of Lake George? What was its 
French name? Saint Sacrement {sand sak-re-monff'). 

Describe the situation of Quebec. What rivers empty into the St. 
Lawrence near the city ? What point opposite Quebec, and what island 
near by? In what direction from the city was the point where Wolfe made 
his first attack ? In what direction from Quebec is Wolfe's Cove, where the 
ascent was made ? 



CHAPTER XVII. 

TNE EVE OF THE REVOLUTION. 

Clouds gathering. — While England had gained glory and 
territory by the French and Indian War, she had also added 
largely to her debt. No sooner was peace restored than she 
determined to get back from her American possessions what 
she had spent in defending them. The colonies thought 
England pretty well compensated for the cost of the war 
by the acquisition of Canada and Florida; yet they would 
willingly have borne part of the load, had they been allowed 
a voice in laying the duties or taxes to be imposed. But 
they insisted that taxation without representation was an 
infringement on the rights of freemen ; that the power to 
tax them should be vested in their own colonial assemblies, 
— or that, if Parliament were to exercise it, they should be 
represented in Parliament. 

Accordingly, we find the history of the next twelve years 
(1763-1775) a history of unwise attempts on the part of the 
mother-country to increase her revenues at the expense of 
the colonies ; and, on the part of the colonies, of spirited 
and united resistance to these attempts. The clouds on the 



1761] WEITS OF ASSISTANCE. 127 

horizon rapidly spread, till they darkened the whole heavens ; 
and in 1775 the storm burst, in what is known as the Revo- 
lutionary WaPv. 

Writs of Assistance. — Oppressive measures were nothing 
new to the colonies. Their trade and manufactures had for 
years been restricted in the interest of England. Heavy 
duties had been laid on certain imports, and as a consequence 
smuggling had become common. To put a stop to it, on the 
accession of George III. — a shcrt-sighted, tyrannical, and 
stubborn prince — "Writs of Assistance" were authorized. 
Provided with these, the collectors of customs could call 
sheriffs and, constables to their aid, search any man's house 
or store, and carry off merchandise suspected of having 
evaded the duty. 

Such interference with private rights w^as violently de- 
nounced in the colonies. At Salem, Mass., the issuing of 
Writs of Assistance was formally opposed in court ; and 
when the question was argued in Boston (1761), James Otis, 
who appeared for the people, poured forth such a torrent of 
eloquent reasoning that the judges durst not decide against 
him. Every man in the vast audience seemed ready to fly 
to arms rather than submit to the wrong. " American inde- 
pendence," said John Adams, afterward president of the 
United States and one of Otis's auditors on this occasion, 
*' was then and there born." 

Samuel Adams, also, an inflexible patriot of Boston, 
whose every dip of the pen the wincing governor declared 
stung "like a horned snake," dealt telling blows at the 
usurpations of Parliament. And so in the South. Virginia 
declared the taxation of America subversive of the constitu- 
tion ; and the Assembly of North Carolina set forth the ex- 
clusive right of the colonies to impose their own taxes. The 
people everywhere resolved to deny themselves the dutiable 
articles. They would drink no w^ine ; they w^ould dress in 
sheep-skin with the wool on. 



128 



THE EVE OF THE EEVOLTJTION. 



[1765 



The Stamp Act. — Notwithstanding, the men in power in 
Great Britain (Pitt had resigned in 1761) kept their obnox- 
ious laws in full force. The climax was capped when in 
1765 Parliament passed the notorious Stamp Act. This act 
required that every contract, deed, bond, will, note, lease, 

etc., — also every 




VoSHIl!.MN(&S, 



Specimens of Stamps. 



pamphlet, alma- 
nac, and news- 
paper,— should 
bear a stamp. 
The prices of 
stamps ranged 
from a half- 
penny to £6; 
and for every 
advertisement in 
a colonial paper, 2s. was to be paid as an impost. Now, 
indeed, the sun of liberty seemed to have set. 

Patrick Henry. — Among the members of the Virginia 
House of Burgesses at this time was Patrick Henry ; who, 
having tried farming and merchandise without success, had 
settled down at the law. His first appearance in court had 
been in 1763, in the famous " Parsons' Cause." The clergy, 
by an old statute, were allowed salaries of 16,000 pounds of 
tobacco a year. The House of Burgesses, in a season of 
short crops, had made this salary payable in cash, rating the_ 
tobacco at much less than its real value. The clergy in- 
sisted on their rights, and appealed to the law ; Patrick 
Henry conducted the case against them. His awkward 
opening gave little promise ; but as his genius was aroused, 
the whole man became transformed. His grand flow of 
language, his withering sarcasm, his impassioned appeals, 
swayed every heart, triumphantly gained his case, and pro- 
claimed him one of the world's great orators. 

This was the man who, when the news of the Stamp 



1765] THE STAMP ACT. 129 

Act's passing reached Virginia, after vainly waiting for the 
older members to take action, threw a fire-brand into the 
House in the shape of five resolutions, which declared that 
the right of taxing the colonies belonged to the colonies 
themselves and to them alone — and that the Stamp Act, and 
every other act that contravened this right, was destructive 
of freedom. These resolutions he advocated with an elo- 
quence which Washington, who w^as a member of the house, 
and Jefferson, the future president, an interested listener in 
the lobby, never forgot. 

" Caesar had his Brutus," thundered the orator, " Charles 
I. had his Cromwell, and George III. — " " Treason ! trea- 
son ! " interrupted angry loyalists in different parts of the 
house. " And George III.," repeated the speaker, his eye 
lighted up with the flame of patriotism, " and George III. 
may profit by their example. If that be treason, make the 
most of it." The resolutions were carried, and from this 
time Patrick Henry was an acknowledged leader in the cause 
of liberty. 

Mutterings of the Tempest. — The same spirit of deter- 
mined opposition was displayed in Maryland and Carolina, 
as w^ell as in the north and east. A Colonial Congress was 
proposed, and in October, 1765, delegates from nine of the 
colonies met in New York, who put forth a Declaration of 
Rights and memorialized Parliament on the subject of their 
grievances. But no matter what king or Parliament might 
do, the people of the colonies resolved to nullify the odious 
act. 

The stamps sent over were either prevented from land- 
ing or seized and destroyed. The officers charged with their 
sale were driven out. Any one who should use the hated 
stamps was threatened w4th vengeance. The merchants 
agreed to import no goods from England till Parliament 
sliould rescind the bill. Associations know^n as the Sons of 
Liberty, pledged to resist oppression, were formed in sev- 



130 



THE EVE OF THE REVOLUTION. 



[l76i 



eral of the colonies. Great was the excitement on the 1st 
of November, 1765, when the Stamp Act was to go into 
effect. In some places, the shutters were kept up at the 
windows, people gathered in the streets dressed in mourn- 
ino-, the flags were placed at half-mast, the bells were tolled 
— it was as if Liberty were being buried. 

Soldiers sent over. — Parliament saw that the Stamp Act 
could not be enforced, and listening to Pitt, Burke, and Lord 
Camden, after excited debate repealed it (17GG). But it 
reaffirmed its right of taxation, and the following year laid 
a duty on all paper, glass, painters' colors, and tea, imported 
into the colonies. This produced a new storm of indigna- 
tion in America, 
which was height- 
ened when it was 
told the patriots 
of Boston that 
British troops 
Avcre to be sent to 
that city (1768). 
Faneuil [faii'you- 
7) Hall resounded 
with the denuncia- 
tions of indignant 
patriots, and when 
the troops landed 
it was hard to find 
quarters for them. 
Their presence 
was regarded as a standing insult, and their overbearing 
conduct involved them in brawls with the citizens. 

The Boston Massacre (March 5, 1770) was the most 
serious of these collisions. Provoked by a mob of boys and 
men, who hooted, them as " bloody-backs " and "lobsters" 
in allusion to their scarlet coats, and it was said threw mis- 




Fanecil Hall, "the Cradle of Liberty 



177l] THE REGULATORS. 131 

siles at them, a few of the soldiers fired into the crowd, kill- 
ing three and wounding eight. The town was immediately 
wild with excitement. The next day, Samuel Adams, as the 
mouth-piece of the infuriated citizens, demanded the imme- 
diate withdrawal of the soldiers. The governor, not liking 
his resolute front yet hating to yield, consented to remove 
one of the regiments. " Both or none ! " demanded Adams 
with flashing eye. The people triumphed ; and " Sam 
Adams's regiments," as they were afterward called, found 
safer if less comfortable quarters in the adjacent castle. 

The Regulators. — Meanwhile, in North Carolina, the ex- 
tortion and insolence of dishonest officials were resisted by 
a body of stout-hearted farmers leagued together under the 
name of Regulators. Governor Tryon, who had spent large 
sums wrung from the people on a palace for himself at New- 
bern, in 1771 marched against the Regulators as " rebels," 
took and hanged some of them, ravaged their fields, and 
confiscated their property. Many fled to the west, r.nd there 
in the wilderness beyond the Alleghanies, on lands leased 
from the Cherokees, laid the foundations of the common- 
wealth of Texxessee. 

Tea-Parties. — The absence of orders from America, in 
consequence of the compact between the leading importers 
there, seriously affected trade in England, and led in 1770 
to the repeal of all duties except that on tea. But this did 
not satisfy the colonists, who were contending for a prin- 
ciple. Tea remained under a ban, and accumulated in the 
warehouses of London. In vain did Parliament, by abolish- 
ing the expoit duty before imposed, enable shippers to lower 
the price, as a bait to the colonies. The cargoes sent over 
found no market. 

At Boston, the governor determined that the tea should 
be landed ; the people said no. Thousands gathered in a 
town-meeting held on the subject and protracted into the 
evening (December 16, 1773) ; when suddenly a war-whoop 



132 THE EYE OF THE REVOLUTION. [lT73 

rent the air, and fifty men dressed as Mohawks were seen 
passing swiftly to the wliarf. They mounted the sides of 
the three vessels, not yet unloaded, and in the presence of a 
vast crowd broke open the tea-chests and scattered their 
contents over the water. Long was "the Boston Tea- 
Party" remembered. The example was followed in New 
York. At Philadelphia and Portsmouth, the tea-ships were 
turned back. At Charleston, nobody would buy " the per- 
nicious weed;" and the whole cargo, though landed, was 
spoiled in damp cellars. The patriots of Annapolis burned 
the tea sent to that port, together with the ship that 
brought it. 

The Boston Port Bill was passed b^' Parliament in the 
spring of 1774, as a punishment for this audacity. No ves- 
sel was now allowed to discharge or receive freight in Boston 
harbor, and the commerce of that port was thus destroyed. 
Sympathy was awakened on every side. Salem and Marble- 
head placed their wharves at the disposal of the Boston 
merchants. The Burgesses of Virginia appointed a day of 
fasting and prayer, and their house was dissolved in conse- 
quence by the governor. On the almost simultaneous rec- 
ommendation of this body, the Connecticut legislature, and 
various public meetings, a congress of representatives from 
all the colonies w^as called for September, to take such 
measures as the crisis required. 

Spirit of Young America. — General Gage became gov- 
ernor of Massachusetts in May, 1774. One of his first efforts 
was to buy over Samuel Adams with a profitable office under 
the crown, but that honest lover of his country was proof 
against the bribe. 

In all the signs of the times. Gage read the coming con- 
flict. He was waited on one day by a party of Boston boys, 
who complained that the soldiers broke up their skating- 
ponds and interfered with their sports generally ; they had 
told the captain, and been laughed at and called young 



1774] THE CONTINENTAL CONGKESS. 133 



rebels for their pains. "Yesterday," continued the leader, 
" our works were destroyed for the third time, and we will 
bear it no longer ! " Gage listened with admiration. "Even 
the children," said he, " draw in the love of liberty with 
every breath. Go, my brave boys ; if my soldiers trouble 
you again, they shall be punished." 

Nor were the boys elsewhere slow to imbibe the spirit of 
their sires. In some neighborhoods there were sympathizers 
with the mother-country ; these were stigmatized as Tories — 
a name applied in England to the advocates of royal power. 
The schoolmaster at New Brunswick, N. J., belonged to this 
class, and offended many by his free remarks about " the 
rebels." So one day his boys, printing the word TORY in 
big letters on a piece of paper, slyly pinned it to his back as 
he was leaving school at recess, and then with high glee and 
grotesque capers, but carefully keeping out of reach of his 
cane, followed him as he stalked majestically down the street 
unconscious of the trick, to the great amusement of the 
passers-by. 

The Storm ready to burst. — Xhe first Continental Con- 
gress met, according to appointment, in Philadelphia, Sep- 
tember 5, 1774. It had drawn together some of the leading 
minds of the colonies — Washington, Richard Henry I^ee, 
and Peyton Randolph, of Virginia; Rutledge and Gadsden, 
of South Carolina ; John Jay, of New York, the first chief- 
justice of the United States ; the Adamses, and others of 
like standing. On the action of this body depended the 
fate of America. The members felt the awful responsibility ; 
and after the house was organized, there was a pause — no 
one seemed ready to speak. 

At length a tall, thin, plainly-dressed man arose ; and 
one who was 23resent regretted that a seeming country par- 
son should so far have misjudged his own talents as to take 
the lead in that august assemblage. But soon the impas- 
sioned eloquence that burst from the speaker's lips touched 



134 



THE EVE OF THE KEVOLUTIOX. 



[1774 



every heart, as if with an electric spark ; and when the 
whisper went round that it was Patrick Henry, the great 
champion of constitutional liberty, the course of the con- 
gress was easilj' foreseen. Though it took no action looking 
toward a severance from the mother-country, this body re- 
solved tliat Massachusetts should be supported, drew up a 
remonstrance to Gen. Gage against fortifying Boston Neck 
as he had begun to do, and prepared a respectful but plain- 
spoken petition to the king. 

In October, a *' Provincial Congress " met in Massachu- 
setts — tlie successor of the Assembly, or General Court, 
which had been dissolved by Gage. This body, with John 
Hancock, a man of education and statesmanship as well as 
larofe fortune, at 



its head, promptly 
prepared for war. 
A Committee of 
Safety was ap- 
pointed , with 
power to call out 
the militia, and 
provision was 
made for obtain- 
ing military 
stores. Similar 
measures were 
adopted in the 
other colonies ; 

one spirit animated all. Patrick 
Henry sounded the keynote when 
in March, 1775, he told the conven- 
tion of Virginia, assembled in "the 
Old Church" at Richmond, that they 
must fight, and cried, " As for me, give me liberty or give 
me death ! " The lime had indeed come. Already had Par- 




TiiE Old Ciutkch " (St. John's), 

IllCIIMOND. 



1775] THE EVE OF THE KEVOLUTIOX. 135 

liament declared (February 7, 1775) that rebellion existed 
in Massachusetts ; and, to suppress it, a fleet and several 
thousand additional troops had been ordered to Boston. 
Before entering on the history of the conflict, it may be 
well to glance at the state of society at this time in the 
colonies. 

The People. — The population of the Thirteen Colonies, 
at the commencement of the Revolutionary War, was about 
2,800,000. It lay mainly in a narrow strip along the Atlan- 
tic. A few bold pioneers had, indeed, crossed the moun- 
tains. Tennessee had given refuge to some hundreds of 
emigrants from Carolina. Daniel Boone and kindred spir- 
its had found a paradise in Kan-tuck-kee, the dark and 
bloody battle-ground of hostile tribes. What is now Ohio 
could boast of settlers here and there. But, for the most 
part, the AUeghanies were the western limit of civilization. 

The people, sprung from difl"erent sources, differed also 
in their habits and religious views. They were alike in their 
passionate love of freedom, and many of them had been well 
trained to the use of arms in the French War and Indian 
frays. Virginia led the other colonies in wealth and num- 
bers. Ne'w York was surpassed in population by Maryland, 
and equalled by North Carolina. Philadelphia, Xew York, 
and Boston, each containing not far from 20,000 souls, were 
the chief cities. Charleston had several thousand inhabit- 
ants, Baltimore was but a village, and in all Virginia there 
was no large town. 

Industrial Pursuits. — Agriculture was the chief pursuit. 
The implements were rude, but the virgin soil yielded over- 
flowing harvests. Wheat, corn, and potatoes, were the 
staples of the northern and middle colonies. In Virginia, 
tobacco was a more profitable crop, the yield in 1775 being 
estimated at $4,000,000. South Carolina was famous for its 
rice, which, exported annually to the value of 82,000,000, 
enabled her aristocratic planters to live in luxury. Cotton 



136 THE EYE OF THE KEYOLrTION. [l7T5 

was cultivated somewhat, but only for domestic use in coarse 
fabrics. 

Manufactures and commerce, at one time flourishing, 
languished under the selfish policy of the mother-country. 
Some necessary simple articles, indeed, were made in every 
household ; but English factories had the exclusive privilege 
of supplying all the better fabrics for clothing, all expensive 
furniture, all iron machines and implements, even down to 
the nail — unless the farmer himself hammered out his own 
nails in winter. The Boston ship-yards had once turned out 
many a well-modelled bark, which had been exchanged for 
sugar and rum in the West Indies ; but the day for this was 
over. The fisheries, both cod and whale, gave employment 
to many, and had trained up a host of adventurous sailors 
along the whole New England coast. 

Education. — In most of the colonies, every village had 
its church and school. In the Dutch towns, the dominie 
often officiated as schoolmaster. Several colleges besides 
those heretofore mentioned, had been established ; among 
these were the College of New Jersey at Princeton, and 
King's College (now Columbia) at New York. 

Printing-presses had multiplied, and standard English 
books were no longer rare. Except the theological works 
of Jonathan Edwards and Cotton Mather, colonial litera- 
ture had as yet produced little besides sermons and political 
pamphlets. The three largest cities could each boast of five 
newspapers, but there was no daily. 

Travelling in those days was an undertaking, especially 
when the roads, never too good, were breaking up in spring. 
The day of steam was not yet. Travellers, both men and 
women, went on horseback, — or, between important places, 
in public wagons, sometimes without springs. In 1772, the 
first stage-coach in the colonies was put on the route be- 
tween Boston and Providence, taking two days for the trip. 
When the vehicles of a new line accomplished the journey 



1775] 



THE EVE OF THE EEVOLUTION. 



137 




Travelling in tue Olden Time. 



from New York to Philadelphia in two days, the astonished 
public called them " flying-machines." Sloops carried pas- 
sengers on the rivers, and between places on the coast. 

Habits and Usages. — A hundred years had wrought 
great changes in the New World as well as the Old, Com- 
forts had increased ; the views of the people had become 
more liberal. As to dress, in the cities at least it was losing 
its primitive simplicity. Pantaloons had not yet come into 
fashion ; but knee-breeches of broadcloth and plush were 
worn, with velvet surtouts and camlet cloaks. Gay silks 
and velvets adorned the ladies, with cambric caps and 
aprons of lawn or taifeta. A kersey short-gown was the 
common home-garb. 

Soft feather-beds, with fine home-spun sheets and calico 
quilts of cunning patchwork, were the special pride of the 
housewife. China and silver ware were scarce ; most peo- 
ple put up with delft and polished pewter. Stoves and 
franklins were used a little, but the open fireplace still had 



138 THE EVE OF THE REVOLUTION. [l775 

the preference. Mahogany furniture was fashionable for 
those who could afford it ; and straig-jit-backed chairs, high- 
post bedsteads, solemn sideboards, and big tables with leaves, 
were the ornaments of the best rooms. 

The southern planters were proverbial for their hospi- 
tality ; their tables always groaned under a weight of good 
things. New England was famous for its succotash — beans 
boiled with corn in the milk — an Indian dish ; also, for its 
Saturday dinner of salt codfish, its baked pork and beans, 
and its " hasty -pudding " of boiled corn-meal, eaten with 
milk, butter, or molasses. Coffee was hardly known in 
America before 1750. By that time tea had become a 
favorite beverage, though costly ; in 1745, it sold for seven 
dollars a pound. 



REVIEW OF THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 

Let different members of the class be called on to mention in order the 
events in the following Abstract. As each event is mentioned, let one 
write it on the blackboard, while another tells all that he knows about it. 
1751. French take the fort begun by the English on the site of Pittsburgh. 

Washington defeats a party of French at the Great Meadows. 

Washington surrenders Fort Necessity. 

1755. English conquer New BrunsAvick. Acadians driven out. 
Biaddock's campaign and defeat. 

Dieskau, at first victorious, defeated at Lake George. 

1756. French, under Montcalm, take Fort Oswego. 

1757. Loudoun drills his army at Halifax, to take Louisburg. 
French, under Montcalm, take Fort William Henry. 

1758. English, under Abercrombie, repulsed at Ticonderoga. 

English, under Amherst, take Louisburg and Prince Edward Island. 
Washington forces the French to evacuate Fort Du Quesne. 

1759. English, under Amherst, take Ticonderoga and Crown Point. 
English, under Sir William Johnson, take Fort Niagara. 
Wolfe takes Quebec, dying in the arms of victory. 

1760. French fail in an attempt to recapture Quebec. 
Montreal and all Canada surrendered to the English. 

1762. English take the French islands in the West Indies. 

1763. Treaty of Paris ends the French and Indian War. England gains . 



1775] BEGINNING OF THE REVOLUTION. 139 

CHAPTER XYIII. 
BEGINNING OF THE REVOLUTION, 

Lexington and Concord. — In the War of the Revolution, 
the first blood was shed at Lexington, This town wgs ten 
miles north-west of Boston, on the road to Concord, where 
the patriots had collected cannon and stores. To destroy 
these, as well as to capture Samuel Adams and Hancock, 
who were regarded as the arch-rebels, Gage secretly made 
ready a detachment of 800 men ; and an hour before mid- 
night, April 18, 1775, they crossed to Lechmere's Point (see 
Map, p. 148) and commenced their march. 

But Boston's Sons of Liberty had hung a lantern in the 
steeple of the North Church — the preconcerted signal — to 
inform their friends in Charlestown that the soldiers were 
astir. Bells sounded the alarm, and messengers galloped 
through the country to arouse the minute-men, pledged to 
assemble at a moment's notice with firelock, powder-horn, 
and bullet-pouch. When the British reached Lexington at 
daybreak (April 19th), they found about sixty provincials 
drawn up on the common. 

Disregarding an order to lay down their arms, the min- 
ute-men received the fire of the British, returned a few shots, 
and then dispersed, eight men having been killed and more 
wounded. The regulars pushed on to Concord, took posses- 
sion of the village, and destroyed such stores as they could 
find, the greater part having been already removed by the 
patriots. The American militia, who on the approach of the 
enemy had fallen back, wrought up beyond endurance on 
beholding the flames of their burning property, advanced to 
a bridge leading to the town. A British guard posted there 
saluted them with a volley, but broke and fled when the 
Americans returned their fire. " Now," said one of the min- 



140 BEGINNING OF THE KEVOLUTION. [l775 

ute-men to his comrades, " the war has begun, and no one 
knows when it will end.*' 

The Retreat. — His work finished, the British leader, not 
liking the signs around him, gave the signal for retreat. It 
was a retreat traced in blood. The yeomen of the neighbor- 
ing towns were pouring in by twos and threes ; it seemed to 
the enemy " as if they rained down from the clouds." Tak- 
ing post behind trees and walls, on both sides of the road 
they knew the British must follow, under no military orders 
but acting each for himself, they poured in a destructive fire 
on the regulars, driving them like sheep all the way to Lex- 
ington. Here, their ranks thinned, their ammunition almost 
exhausted, themselves worn out, they were saved from sur- 
render only by meeting a re-enforcement from Boston under 
Lord Percy. Still was the pursuit kept up with a galling 
fire from the American sharp-shooters, till the red-coats, 
ready to drop, found safety at Charlestown under the guns 
of their shipping. 

The British major, at a tavern in Concord, had boastfully 
remarked, as he stirred a glass of brandy with his finger, " I 
mean to stir the Yankee blood before night, as I stir this." 
He had indeed stirred it to its depths. Connecticut and 
Rhode Island promptly sent aid to their sister-colony. The 
men of New Hampshire, under the veteran Stark, hastened 
across the Merrimac. Putnam, true as steel, left the stone- 
wall that he was building, and without waiting to change 
his check shirt spurred his horse to the camp at Cambridge. 
Within a week, Gage found himself closely beleaguered in 
Boston. 

First Declaration of Independence. — South as well as 
North was fired by the tidings that Massachusetts had 
measured swords with England, and had not come off second 
best. At Charlotte, Mecklenburg County, N. C, representa- 
tives of the people went so far as formally to renounce their 
allegiance to the crown, and make provision for their own 



1775] CAPTUEE OF TICONDEROGA. 141 

government (May 31, 1775). This was the first declaration 
of independence, for the men of the North were simply 
fighting for their rights as subjects of Great Britain. 

In July, the demonstrations in North Carolina were such 
that the governor deemed it prudent to take refuge on a 
man-of-war ; an example which the governor of South Caro- 
lina and the garrison of Charleston followed two months 
later. Governor Dunmore, of Virginia, had before this 
seized the powder in the magazine at Williamsburg ; where- 
upon the exasperated people, under the leadership of Patrick 
Henry, compelled him to pay for it, and shortly afterward 
drove him too on board of an armed vessel. 

Capture of Ticonderoga. — Early in the spring, the au- 
thorities of Connecticut had resolved to strike a blow on 
their own account. Knowing how useful the artillery and 
stores of Ticonderoga and Crown Point (see Map, p. 116) 
Avould be to the provincial army, they furnished means to fit 
out an ex23edition against these places, giving its command 
to Ethan Allen. Allen had emigrated from Connecticut to 
what is now southern Vermont, and had there become a 
leader of "the Green Mountain Boys." This was an organ- 
ization of settlers, who, having received grants of their lands 
from the governor of New Hampshire, had refused to pay 
for them a second time to New York officials, and had re- 
sisted the attempts of New York to extend her jurisdiction 
over them. 

Eighty-three of these hardy pioneers landed under the 
walls of Ticonderoga, at daybreak on the 10th of May, 1775. 
Surprising the sentinel, they entered the works at his heels; 
and w^hen the commander appeared in his night-clothes at 
the door of his room, to see what the matter was, Allen with 
uplifted sword demanded the surrender of the place " in the 
name of the great Jehovah and the Continental Congress." 
Resistance was useless ; in a moment this fortress, which 
had seemed almost impregnable, was in the hands of the 



142 SECOND CONTINENTAL CONGKESS. [l7T5 

Americans. Two days afterward, Crown Point was taken. 
Benedict Arnold, then a true and dashing soldier though 
afterw^ard the traitor of the Revolution, was equally success- 
ful at Skenesborough, and, embarking a small force on a 
captured vessel, surprised also a post at the foot of the lake. 
Many of the two hundred cannon captured in these success- 
ful expeditions afterward thundered on the British from the 
heights around Boston. 

Second Continental Congress. — The Continental Congress, 
in whose name Ethan Allen had summoned Ticonderoga to 
surrender, commenced its second session at Philadelphia on 
tlie very day that post was taken, and with short intervals 
of adjournment continued sitting throughout the Revolution. 
We shall find this body taking the whole responsibility of 
the war, providing ways and means, raising armies, appoint- 
ing officers, and negotiating with foreign powers. 

The second Congress numbered Washington and Frank- 
lin, the Adamsss, Henry, Lee, and Jefferson, among its mem- 
bers ; John Hancock was made president. Some hope of 
reconciliation with the mother-country was still entertained, 
and a final petition to the crown was draw^n up ; at the same 
time vigorous preparations were made for war. Three mill- 
ions of dollars were issued in bills of credit. The forces in 
front of Boston were adopted as the Continental army, and 
on the loth of June Washington was unanimously elected 
its commander-in-chief. He accepted the command, while 
expressing doubt as to his fitness for it, but declined the 
pay which Congress had attached to the position. 

Gage re-enforced. — Before summer Gage's army was 
swelled to more than 10,000 men, by the arrival of re-en- 
forcements under Generals Howe, Clinton, and Burgoyne. 
" What ! " exclaimed the last-named officer, as he sailed up 
the harbor and saw the " rebel " encampment ; " ten thou- 
sand peasants keej) five thousand king's troops shut up ! 
Let us get in, and we'll soon find elbow-room." 



1775] 



FORTIFYING BKEED S HILL. 



143 



Feeling himself strong enough to proceed to extremities, 
Gage now proclaimed martial law, but offered pardon to such 
as would lay down their arms, except Samuel Adams and 
John Hancock, whom he threatened with condign punish- 
ment. His proclamation had little effect, and he was about 
extending his line by fortifying the heights of Charlestown, 
when the patriots, learning his intention, anticipated him. 

Bunker Hill. — On the evening of June 16th, a thousand 
Americans under Colonel Prescott silently marched from 
Cambridge, over Charlestown Neck, with instructions to 
throw up intrenchments on Bunker Hill.* Breed's Hill, 




TiiEowiNG UP Intkenchments on Bkeed's Hill 



however, was selected in stead, either by mistake or because 
it was better suited for their purpose. They got to work 
with their picks and spades by midnight, and at dawn the 
British were thunderstruck to see the hill, which commanded 
Charlestown and Boston, crowned with earth-works six feet 

" For the localities mentioned in this connection, see Map, p. 148. 



144: BATTLE OF BUNKER HILL. [l775 

high. The Americans coolly continued their labors, while 
the British guns rained grape-shot on them from Copp's Hill 
and the shipping in the harbor. Gage saw that these works 
\ must be taken, if he would hold the city. He wondered if 
the rebel leader, whom he discerned with his glass, would 
wait to receive his veterans ; before night he found out. 

The Battle. — About one o'clock on that intolerably hot 
17th of June, 3,000 British troops under Howe and Pig'ot 
landed at Morton's Point, to storm the American works. 
The provincials had been but sparingly re-enforced. Jaded 
by the toil of the preceding night, hungry and thirsty, ill 
supplied with ammunition (there were said to be less than 
fourteen barrels of powder in the whole American army on 
the day of the battle), they yet gallantly threw the flag of 
New England to the breeze, as they beheld the enemy pre- 
paring for the assault. Twice did the British charge up the 
hill with determined bravery. Twice did the Americans, 
from behind their works, drive them back with deadly vol- 
leys, aiming low and waiting till they could see the whites 
of the enemy's eyes, according to the orders of Prescott and 
Putnam. 

Meanwliile Charlestown had been fired by shells from 
Copp's Hill, and Clinton had brought over a thousand fresh 
troops to join in the attack. A third attempt was made ; it 
succeeded, for the ammunition of the patriots gave out. 
The British forced their way over the works ; and, though 
the Americans still offered what resistance they could with 
stones and clubbed muskets, the bayonet forced them to 
give way. The retreat was covered by Stark and his New 
Hampshire regiments, who had gallantly maintained their 
position behind a rampart of rails filled in with new-mown 
hay. Stubbornly disputing every inch of the way, the pro- 
vincials recrossed Charlestown Neck, and intrenched them- 
selves on Prospect Hill, whither the enemy showed no dis- 
position to pursue them. 



1775] im^ASION OF CANADA. 145 

The British lost 1,054: men, killed and wounded, at Bun- 
ker Hill ; the Americans 452 — but among them was the ac- 
complished Dr. Joseph Warren, president of the Provincial 
Congress of Massachusetts, who served in the battle as a 
volunteer, and whom Howe estimated as worth five hundred 
common rebels. Though the British were the victors, it was 
a glorious day for America. So thought the thousands who 
from the surrounding hill-tops, and the roofs and steeples of 
Boston, witnessed the unflinching valor of their countrymen. 

Invasion of Canada. — The year 1775 closed with an in- 
vasion of Canada, undertaken by Congress with the view of 
securing the war-materials stored at Quebec, and affording 
the people an opportunity of taking part in the Revolution. 
Gen. Richard Montgomery was to move by way of Lake 
Champlain and Montreal ; while Arnold was to advance di- 
rectly on Quebec, through the wildernesses of Maine and 
Canada, with an auxiliary force, in whose ranks were Mor- 
gan and Aaron Burr, afterward noted in their country's his- 
tory. 

Arnold and his men were the first to arrive, after endur- 
ing trials that would have turned back a less determined 
party ; for a time, after dog-flesh and their moose-skin moc- 
casins gave out, they had to subsist on roots. Montgomery 
took several French posts, and finally Montreal (November 
13th), but lost some of his followers by the expiration of 
their term of enlistment. When the two bodies united near 
Quebec, they together mustered but nine hundred men, 
poorly armed and ill prepared for a Canadian winter. This 
was a petty force with which to assail a fortress like Que- 
bec, but Montgomery faltered not. He had seen Wolfe win 
laurels there, and would himself earn equal glory. 

Three weeks' cannonading leaving no impression on the 

massive walls, an assault was made on the last day of the 

year. Three feet of frozen snow lay on the ground, and the 

air was filled with blinding flakes, when at dawn Montgomery 

7 



1^6 AITACK ON QUEBEC. [lT75 

made a desperate attempt to enter the city on the St. Law- 
rence side. The Canadians were prepared, and, sweeping- 
the narrow pass with cannon and musketry, killed the x\mer- 
ican general and drove back his little force. Arnold, mean- 
time, storming the other side of the town, was wounded at 
the head of his division. Morgan, assuming command, car- 
ried the first barrier, but then, unable either to penetrate 
farther or to extricate his men from overwhelming numbers 
of the foe, was obliged to surrender. 

The remnants of the two divisions effected a junction, 
and for a time maintained an imperfect blockade of the city. 
But spring brought succor to the British. The Americans 
had to raise the siege, fell back on Montreal, were driven 
thence by a superior force, and so from post to post till they 
had crossed the Canada line. Montgomery's fall was 
mourned as a national loss. Happy had it been for Arnold, 
if he had shared the fate of that true-hearted chief. 



GENERAL REVIEVV^. 

When, and under what circumstances, did the English add New York 
to their colonial possessions ? When and how did they obtain Acadia ? 
Newfoundland ? New Brunswick ? Cape Breton and Prince Edward Island ? 
The Ohio Valley? Canada? Florida? 

What European powers had possessions in North America at the close 
of lliJB, and what was the boundary between them ? 

Tell all you have learned in the preceding pages about William Pitt; 
Montcalm; Washington; Franklin; Samuel Adams ; Patrick Henry. 

State, in order, the causes that led to the American Rcvohition, and the 
events that immediately preceded it. 

Majif p. 148 — How were Bunker and Breed's Hill situated ? When 
was Charlestown founded ? Where was Lechmere's Point ? Prospect Hill ? 
Copp's Hill ? Charlestown Neck ? Boston Neck ? What was the Indian 
name of the peninsula on which Boston stands ? What name did the Eng- 
lish give it ? The shape of the peninsula has since been changed by filling 
in, and the area of the city has been greatly enlarged by the absorption of 
Charlestown, Noddle's Island (East Boston), Dorchester, Roxbury, West 
Rnxbury, and Biigliton. 



X775] WASHINGTON GETTING READY. 147 

CHAPTER XIX. 

REVOLUTIONARY WAR: EVENTS OF 1776. 

Getting ready. — As soon as possible after his appoint- 
ment to the chief command, Washington set out for Cam- 
bridge. He arrived there July 2, 1775, and immediateiy 
entered upon the difficult task of making an efficient army 
out of the 14,000 undisciplined and poorly-equipped men 
whom he found in the American camp. Obstacles met him 
at every step — the want of experienced officers and skillful 
engineers, want of money, want of stores. At one time he 
found, to his consternation, that the entire supply of powder 
was but half a pound to each man. To crown all, the sol- 
diers, exposed to privations and needed at home, were with 
difficulty induced to remain when their time expired. 

But Washington had faith and patience. During the 
long fall and winter, while British cruisers were spreading 
terror in Narragansett Bay, — and British guns were re- 
ducing Falmouth (now Portland, Maine) to ruins, — and 
Dunmore was wreaking his vengeance on Norfolk, Virginia, 
— and Tryon, who had become governor of New York, was 
doing his best to buy over the wavering citizens, — while 
even the friends of freedom were losing patience and clam- 
oring for something to be done, — Washington was all the 
time diligently strengthening his works, collecting military 
stores, drilling his army, and preparing it, when it did strike, 
to strike telling blows. 

Evacuation of Boston. — The American lines, extending 
about nine miles from Dorchester, girding the shore as far 
as the Mystic River, effectually penned the British in Bos- 
ton, where they were reduced to great straits for fuel and 
provisions, Charlestown Heights had been occupied ever 
since the battle by the royal army ; but on the south the 



us 



THE REVOLUTIONAEY WAE. 



[1770 



city was commanded as well by tlie heights of Dorchester, 
which the British had neglected to seize. These Washing- 
ton, with the view of bringing on an action or dislodging 
the enemy from Boston, at length determined to occupy. 

On the night of March 4, 1776, a similar movement was 
made to that which had succeeded so well on Breed's Hill. 




Boston and Vicinity in 1776. 

The British awoke the following morning, to behold intrench- 
ments raised as if by magic, and cannon frowning on them 
and their ships from Dorchester Heights. Gen. Howe, who 
in October had succeeded the inefficient Gage in the chief 
command of the royal army, immediately decided to attack 
these fortifications ; but a violent storm set in, and by the 



17T6] BRITISH ATTACK ON CHAELESTON. 149 

time it ceased they had been so strengthened that he aban- 
doned the idea, and thought only of saving his army and 
fleet by evacuating the city. He was allowed to do so, on 
condition of not setting it on fire, and Washington entered 
it in triumph, March 17th, to the great joy of its suffering 
inhabitants. Fifteen hundred loyalists had been taken off 
in the British ships. 

British Attack on Charleston. — An attack on the south- 
ern colonies formed part of the British plans for their cam- 
paign of 1776. In May, a squadron direct from England, 
bearing 2,500 fresh troops, effected a junction off the coast 
of Carolina with a detachment from the north under Gen. 
Clinton, and the combined armaments soon appeared in the 
neighborhood of Charleston. Here the vigorous efforts of 
Rutledge, Moultrie (mole'tre), and Gadsden, had made ready 
for their reception. A fort of palmetto-wood had been has- 
tily thrown up on Sullivan's Island (see Map, p. 81), at a 
point commanding the entrance to the harbor, and works at 
the other end defended the approaches to it by land. 

The attack was made on the 28th of June, the British 
fleet under Admiral Parker opening fire on the palmetto 
fort, while a land-force under Clinton endeavored to carry 
the works in the rear. Both attacks failed, though hotly 
maintained for nine hours. The British balls buried them- 
selves in the spongy wood of which the fort was made, with- 
out doing any harm, and Clinton's men were kept at bay by 
the riflemen of Carolina. On the other hand, the patriot 
guns inflicted fearful damage on the British ships. One 
grounded and was destroyed ; the rest withdrew in the 
night utterly discomfited, and after refitting found their 
way to New York. The fort was under the immediate com- 
mand of Colonel Moultrie, and was afterward called by his 
name in honor of his heroic defence. 

Before the battle. Gen. Lee, who had been dispatched 
by Washington to the aid of the Carolinians, had expressed 



150 THE EEVOLUTIONAEY WAR. [lT76 

the opinion that it would take the British guns but ten min- 
utes to demolish the fort. " In that case," replied Moultrie, 
*' we will lie behind the ruins, and still prevent the enemy 
from landing." Sergeant Jasper was one of the heroes of 
the defence. A ball having severed the flagstaff, so that 
the flag fell outside upon the beach, Jasper leaped down 
amid the hurtling missiles from the fleet, picked up the flag, 
attached it to a sponge-staff, and amid the cheers of his com- 
panions restored it to its place. — This repulse changed the 
British plans, and the Carolinas were for a time left unmo- 
lested. 

The Hessians, — King George III. had returned no answer 
to the respectful petition of the second Continental Con- 
gress. Parliament had shown its feeling by forbidding trade 
with the rebel colonies, and authorizing the seizure of all ves- 
sels sent thither for traflic, — by largely increasing the forces 
in America, both land and naval, for crushing the insurrec- 
tion, — and, as enlistments in England were slow, by authoriz- 
ing the employment of 17,500 German troops, at $36 a head, 
to be paid to their respective princes. These mercenaries, 
coming mainly from Hesse (hess) Cassel, were known in 
America as Hessians ; their brutality throughout the war 
caused them to be looked upon with horror by the patriots, 
and even with disgust by the English themselves. 

Declaration of Independence. — From all this it was clear 
that nothing was to be hoped for from the mother-country ; 
Congress, therefore, began to think of renouncing allegiance 
to the crown. The people of Charlotte, N. C, had set the 
example the preceding year. Thomas Paine, in his widely- 
circulated pamphlet " Common Sense," had prepared the 
public mind for such action ; the Virginia Convention and 
other bodies had recommended it. So, in June, Richard 
Henry Lee introduced a resolution: *' That these united 
colonics are, and of right ought to be, free and independent 
states ; and that their political connection with Great Brit- 



17T6] 



DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 



151 



ain is, and ought to be, dissolved." A committee of five 
was thereupon appointed to draft a formal Declaration of 
Independence. 

This document was written by Thomas Jefferson as chair- 
man, and received a few verbal alterations from John Adams 




Jefferson reading the Declaration in Committee. 

and Franklin, of the committee. It was presented to Con- 
gress July 1st, and after being carefully considered and 
amended was passed on the 4th of July — ever since observed 
as the birthday of American freedom. The bell of the old 
state-house, in which Congress was assembled, at once rang 
out the glad tidings. The people, south and north, hailed 
the news with delight, kindling bonfires, illuminating their 
houses, and receiving the Declaration, as read by their ora- 
tors, with heart-stirring acclamations. A statue of the king 



152 THE EEVOLUTIONARY WAE. [l77G 

in New York was dragged from its pedestal and cast into 
bullets, — some of which did good service during the savage 
Tryon's raids in Connecticut (1777). 

Howe's Offers of Peace. — After the evacuation of Bos- 
ton, Gen, Howe took his army first to Halifax, and thence 
to the harbor of New York. Here he was soon joined by 
his brother. Admiral Howe, with re-enforcements from Eng- 
land, including eight thousand of the odious Hessians, — and 
also by the British force repulsed from Charleston. The 
Howes were authorized to treat with the " rebels " for peace, 
and tried to communicate with George Washington, Esq.^ for 
that purpose. But Washington would receive no letter that 
did not recognize his position as General ; and so nothing 
came of their proposal, which after all was only an offer of 
pardon in case of submission. 

Battle of Long Island. — Failing in this attempt, Howe 
landed 15,000 men on the south-western extremity of Long 
Island (August 22d, 25th) with the view of crushing the 
American army of 9,000 men stationed near Brooklyn, car- 
rying the defences there, and then falling upon New York. 
By direction of Congress, Washington had done his best to 
make this city defensible ; but it was a long line to hold 
with only 17,000 men, scant and inferior artillery, and hard- 
ly muskets enough to go around. Gen. Greene, who had been 
in command on Long Island, was unfortunately prostrated 
with fever just before the battle, and Putnam was sent over 
to assume command. 

Putnam was ignorant of the ground. This may have 
been the reason why, on the day of the battle of Long Isl- 
and (August 27th), the Jamaica Pass was left unguarded. 
Clinton was thus enabled to gain the rear of the Americans, 
and to cut off almost the entire division under General Sul- 
livan. Stirling, nearer the bay, by the sacrifice of his young 
Marylanders, held the flanking force of the enemy under 
Cornwallis in check till part of his division was safe, though 



17T6] BATTLE OF LONG ISLAND. 153 

many were drowned or taken in their flight across Gowan'us 
Creek. 

This defeat cost the Americans nearly 2,000 men, while 
the British loss was less than 400. Among those most 
mourned by the patriots was Gen. WoodhuU. Taken pris- 
oner near Jamaica, the day after the battle, he was ordered 
by a British officer to cry " God save the king ! " " God 
save us all ! " said Woodhull ; whereupon his enraged cap- 
tor dealt him a blow with a broadsword which in three weeks 
caused his death. His fate, however, was enviable, com- 
pared with that of some who were captured, and who were 
soon perishing by inches in one of the foul prison-ships kept 
by the British throughout the war near the Brooklyn shore. 

Remembering Bunker Hill, Howe preferred throwing up 
a redoubt and employing his artillery on the American works 
at Brooklyn to risking the lives of his men in an assault. 
Washington, who had crossed from Xew York only to be- 
hold his brave men slaughtered Avithout the power to help 
them, learned on the 29th that the British fleet was prepar- 
ing to ascend the East River and intercept him ; an imme- 
diate retreat was imperative. He accomplished it in a mas- 
terly manner that same night, under cover of the darkness 
and a thick fog. The last boat was just out of gunshot, 
when about dawn a body of the enemy's horse, dispatched 
as soon as the movement was discovered, galloped down to 
the river. A tory's wife living near the ferry had found out 
what was going on early in the night, and sent word to the 
British leader by a negro ; but providentially he fell in with 
Hessians, who could not understand him, and the American 
army was saved. 

New York abandoned. — Washington now had his men 
safe in New York, but could not long remain there, for the 
enemy threatened the city, and with an army disheartened 
by the recent defeat he could offer no effectual resistance. 
Overtures again made by Howe — this time to Congress — 



154 THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. [l776 

were again unsuccessful ; and on the 15th of September the 
British and Hessians crossed from Long to Manhattan Island, 
three miles above what was then the city. 

Most of the Americans had already been withdrawn, but 
the rear-guard under Putnam was still in the city, and owed 
its escape to the device of a lady, who detained the British 
generals at her house two hours with conversation and re- 
freshments, while her countrymen were making their toil- 
some way to the north. New York, thus taken by the Brit- 
ish, remained in their possession till the end of the war. 

Battle of White Plains. — The next day a skirmish took 
place near Harlem, with advantage to the Continentals. 
Then followed an attempt on the part of Howe to outflank 
the Americans, which obliged Washington to extend his line 
northward to White Plains (see Map, p. 183 ). Near this 
place a battle was fought, October 28th, between portions 
of the two armies, and the Americans Avere obliged to fall 
back. The main body, however, was so strongly posted that 
Howe put off any further attack till re-enforcements should 
arrive from New York ; and meanwhile Washington retired 
to hiffh grounds in the direction of the Croton River. Howe 
still making no demonstration, Washington feared that a 
descent on Philadelphia was intended. Accordingly, leav- 
ing 4,000 men under Gen. Lee, he moved the rest of his 
army nearer to the Hudson, and ultimately across that river 
to Fort Lee. 

Capture of Fort Washington. — Howe now threw himself 
on Fort Washington, which, contrary to the advice of the 
commander-in-chief, Congress had decided to defend. The 
works here had been planned by Alexander Hamilton, after- 
ward a distinguished statesman, at this time a youth of 
twenty ; the skill displayed in their construction recom- 
mended the young engineer to Washington, whose aid and 
secretary he presently became. But Fort Washington was 
obliged to surrender to overwhelming numbers (November 



1776] 



EETREAT ACROSS NEW JERSEY. 



155 



Ft.Xe€ 



16th), with its garrison of nearly 3,000 men, the British 
losing before its walls about one-third of that number. 
Washington is said to have wept, as he saw through his 
glass some of the defenders of the fort bayoneted by the 
Hessians while begging for quarter. 

Retreat across New Jersey. — Fort Lee could be held no 
longer ; an immediate retreat was ordered. It was none too 
soon, for Cornwallis had 
crossed the Hudson higher 
up and was sweeping down 
like an avalanche. Then 
commenced that melan- 
choly retreat across New 
Jersey — through Hacken- 
sack, Newark, New Bruns- 
wick, Princeton, and Tren- 
ton, — the frozen ground 
marked in places with 
blood from the unprotect- 
ed feet of the fugitives. 
The pursuit was sharply pushed, the music of the British 
entering a town being often heard by the Americans as they 
left it. 

Gladly would Washington have made a stand, but it was 
impracticable. His army since the late reverses had melted 
rapidly away, till at the end of November but three thousand 
were left, dispirited, ill-fed, ill-clad. How could they face 
twice their number of well-supplied veterans, flushed with 
victory ? Lee had been sent for with his division, but paid 
little attention to the summons, and the militia were back- 
ward in coming to the support of a cause so desperate. 
Washington was greatly relieved when, having secured the 
boats for many miles, he succeeded in placing the Delaware 
between himself and his pursuers. Cornwallis here gave up 
the chase, waiting till the river should be bridged with ice, 




Battle-Fields in I\ew Jersey. 



156 THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. [l770 

and quartering the different divisions of his army at Trenton, 
Princeton, and other points within supporting distance. 

Dark Hours. — At this juncture, everything looked dark. 
The British had appeared in force on Lake Champlain, and 
despite the gallantry of Arnold, who commanded a hastily- 
prepared flotilla, had destroyed most of the American vessels, 
taken Crown Point, and only waited for a more favorable 
season to besiege Ticonderoga. A fleet from New York 
bearins: Gen. Clinton and four bris^ades had made a success- 
ful descent on Newport, then the second town in New Eng- 
land, and was blockading Continental cruisers at Providence, 
and threatening the adjacent country. Congress, fearing 
for the safety of Philadelphia, had left that city for Balti- 
more (December 12th), after taking measures to provide a 
permanent army at Washington's urgent request ; they 
shortly afterward showed how desperate they thought the 
state of affairs by clothing the commander-in-chief with 
almost absolute power. Something must be done, or the 
patriot cause would be ruined. 

Battle of Trenton. — So Washington felt ; and the arrival 
of some Pennsylvania recruits and part of Lee's division, 
swelling his army to 7,000 men, enabled him to make a bold 
dash at the enemy. It was resolved to cross the Delaw^are 
on Christmas evening, and surprise a detachment 1,500 
strong, mostly Hessians, stationed at Trenton. Two divi- 
sions that were to cooperate were unable to get across, by 
reason of the wind and ice ; but Washington, with Sullivan, 
Greene, Stirling, and Mercer, effected the perilous passage 
with 2,400 men. The enemy, thinking the war virtually 
over, had relaxed their vigilance ; one of the British generals 
had remarked that he could keep the peace in New Jersey 
wuth a corporal's guard. 

The Hessian colonel had been enjoying Christmas, drink- 
ing and playing cards all night. At daylight a note was 
brought him from a tory, informing him that the Americans 



irrc] BATTLE OF TEENTON. 157 

were on the road. Thrusting it unopened into his pocket, 
he continued his game — soon to be called to a game of a 
different kind by the rattle of musketry. He was himself 
among the first to fall, and a thousand of his men, offering 
little resistance, laid down their arms. Some British light- 
horse made good their escape. 

That same night, Washington took his prisoners and 
spoils across the Delaware in safety. This invaluable vic- 
tory cost him but two men frozen to death, two men killed, 
and a few wounded. Confidence in the American cause was 
at once restored. Many of the soldiers who were about 
leaving re-enlisted ; others came forward to their country's 
aid. Thus encouraged, Washington determined again to 
cross into New Jersey. January 1, 1777, found him posted 
at Trenton with about 5,000 men. 



CONTEMPORARY EVENTS AND RULERS. 

1776. — Declaration of Independence. — Most of the states (the 
loyalist governors having been driven out) under the rule of Provincial 
Congresses or State Conventions, representing the people. Patrick Henry- 
governor of Virginia under the new regime. John Ilancock president of 
the Continental Congress. 

John Adams at the head of the War Department. Powder-mills, and 
manufactories of arms and military stores, established. Laws passed in 
some of the states, subjecting loyalists to confiscation of property, im- 
prisonment, and banishment. The tory element strong in New York and 
Philadelphia. Nearly one-third of the city of New York laid in ruins by 
fire (September 20th). Cherokees, influenced by British agents to com- 
mence hostilities against the back settlements, subdued by Carolinians and 
Virginians. 

George III. king of Great Britain ; Lord North prime-minister. Louis 
XVI. king of France. Maria There'sa empress of Austria. Frederick IL, the 
Great, king of Prussia. Catharine II. empress of Russia. 

Itevleiv. — Mention in the order of time the events of the Revolution- 
ary War in 1775, favorable to the Americans. Mention those favorable to 
the British. Sum up the events of 1776 in which the Americans had the 
advantage. Recount those in which the British had the advantage. 



158 THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. [1777 

CHAPTER XX. 

REVOLUTIONARY WAR: EVENTS OF 1777 - 

Battle of Princeton. — Cornwallis, who was about sailing 
for England on leave of absence, was promptly ordered back 
to New Jersey. On the 2d of January, 1777, he confronted 
Washington at Trenton with a well-appointed army. His 
attempts to cross a creek that separated him from the Amer- 
icans were successfully resisted till night ; when Washing- 
ton, leaving his camp-fires burning, noiselessly withdrew his 
forces in the direction of Princeton (see Map, p. 155), to 
surprise the British reserve at that place. CornwalHs awoke 
on the 3d, to find the American camp deserted and himself 
outgeneralled. 

On nearing Princeton at daybreak, the American army 
encountered two British regiments on the march to re-en- 
force Cornwallis. A sharp action ensued, \yhich cost the 
precious life of Gen. Mercer, but resulted in the discomfiture 
of the British. Pushing on to Princeton, Washington 
routed the remaining regiments of British, making prisoners 
of a number in the college buildings. One of his cannon- 
balls passed through a portrait of King George II. hanging 
in the chapel, the frame of which is now filled with a portrait 
of Washington himself, painted by Peale. Cornwallis had 
followed closely, but came up too late for the engagement. 

After his victory at Princeton, Washington moved on to 
Morristown. Here he remained the rest of the winter, and 
by a series of successful movements recovered nearly the 
whole of New Jersey. New Brunswick, however, whither 
Cornwallis had marched after his mortifying failure "to 
catch the fox," remained in possession of the British, whose 
Hessian allies excited great indignation in the neighborhood 
by their wanton violence. The larder and blankets of many 



1777] 



THE STARS AND STRIPES ADOPTED. 



159 



a thrifty housewife, as well as the fences and barns of the 
husbandmen, suffered severely from their depredations. Till 
summer, Howe contented himself with sending an expedi- 
tion up the Hudson, and another to Danbury, Conn., which 
burned the town and stores collected there. 

The National Flag. — June 14, 1777, was signalized by 
the adoption of the stars and stripes as the national banner. 
For the union of the British flag before used, was substi- 
tuted a blue field with thirteen stars, 
representing the original thirteen 
states, arranged in a circle, the em- 
blem of perpetuity. A new star 
was afterward added for each new 
state admitted, and the arrange- 
j ment of the stars was changed. 
Paul Jones, a naval hero of whose 
achievements wo shall presently 
hear, was the first to give the new 
flag to the breeze on his eighteen- 
gun vessel, the Ranger. 




First Chebe for the Stars and Stripes (1777). 



160 THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. [l77T 

Aid from France. — In 17TT, in response to an appeal from 
Congress, the French govermnent, ever hostile to England, 
secretly sent over ordnance, muskets, and powder, to aid the 
patriots. A most valuable accession to the cause was also 
received in the young Marquis de Lafayette {deh lah-fa-et'). 
He had heard of the stand taken by the colonies with enthu- 
siastic admiration ; and leaving home, friends, brilliant pros- 
pects, and a young wife, he came to offer his sword to the 
struggling friends of freedom. Though he was not yet twen- 
ty, Congress commissioned him as a major-general, and he 
became the life-long friend of Washington. Kosciusko {I'os- 
se-usko) and Pulaski [pu-las'ke)^ illustrious Poles whom the 
misfortunes of their country had driven into exile, and the 
Baron De Kalb, an experienced German officer, joined the 
service about the same time. 

Burgoyne's Campaign. — An invasion of the states from 
the north formed a prominent part of the British plans for 
1777. Gen. Burgoyne, who was intrusted with the com- 
mand of the expedition, was to ascend Lake Champlain, fall 
on Ticonderoga, take Albany, and with aid from New York 
by way of the Hudson reduce the American posts in the 
Highlands. New" England would thus be isolated from the 
Middle States, and unable to aid Washington, who was 
meanwhile to be hard pressed by Howe. Burgoyne started 
with about 10,000 men. Having been joined near Crown 
Point by 400 warriors of the Six Nations, he issued a higli- 
flown proclamation bristling with threats against any who 
should venture to offer resistance. 

On the 1st of July the British reached Ticonderoga. 
The American garrison at this place consisted of less than 
3,500 men, scantily provided with stores and ammunition. 
When their general, St. Clair, saw" the enemy in possession 
of a neighboring height which commanded his works and 
which he had neglected to occu]>y, he realized that he nnist 
either lose his army or evacuate the place. In the night 



1777] BTJRGOYNE's CAMPAIGN. 161 

following July oth, sending his stores up the lake to Skenes- 
borough (see Map, p. 116), he withdrew his army, on the 
Vermont side. The British were soon in hot pursuit. The 
American vessels, with their contents, they succeeded in 
capturing or destroying ; and St. Clair's rear-guard was 
overtaken and worsted with heavy loss. 

While Burgoyne pushed slowly on toward the Hudson, 
part of the flying Americans succeeded in reaching the main 
body of the northern army at Fort Edward. Gen. Schuyler, 
who commanded the department, obstructed the enemy's ad- 
vance in every way he could, but was obliged to fall back 
before them ; and it seemed as if the whole upper valley of 
the Hudson were at their mercy. 

Jane McCrea. — The atrocities committed by Burgoyne's 
Indians brought odium on a cause which could tolerate such 
inhuman warfare. The tragical fate of Jane McCrea (mak- 
kra') may be mentioned in this connection. While the in- 
vading army was near Fort Edward, a party of savages car- 
ried her off from the house of a friend with whom she was 
staying. Shortly afterward they appeared in camp with 
her scalp. Whether she was tomahawked on the way by 
her captors, in consequence of their quarrelling among them- 
selves — or, as they alleged, was killed by a shot from a pur- 
suing party of Americans, and then scalped according to 
Indian usage — the barbarous deed awakened universal 
loathing. 

St. Leger's Expedition. — At the same time that Bur- 
goyne left Canada, Colonel St. Leger had been dispatched 
with 700 Rangers to the Mohawk Valley, by way of the St. 
Lawrence and Oswego. After overrunning the country and 
calling out the Indians and tories, he was to effect a junc- 
tion with his chief at Albany. St. Leger encountered lit- 
tle or no resistance till he reached the spot where Rome, 
N. Y., now stands. Here, his force increased by 1,000 
tories and Iroquois, he halted to besiege Fort Schuyler, 



162 THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. [l777 

held by Colonel Gansevoort and a determined garrison 

/ (August 3d — see Map, p. 170). Un[)rovided with a flag, 

( they managed to manufacture one out of an old shirt, 

\ pieces of scarlet cloth, and the blue cloak of one of their 

\ captains — no very elegant banner, yet one which they 

determined to defend to the last extremity. 

A body of militia from the neighboring country, advanc- 
ing to the relief of the fort under Gen. Her'kimer, fell into 
an ambuscade at Oris'kany, and though they retained pos- 
session of the field failed of their object. On receiving this 
news, Schuyler sent Arnold with some volunteers from his 
camp, to raise the siege. They succeeded in so doing, by 
an ingenious stratagem. Arnold pardoned a half-witted 
tory who had been condemned to the gallows, on condition 
that he would make the besiegers believe that an immense 
host of Americans was at hand. The tory played his part 
to perfection. Rushing into the camp as if pursued, with 
bullet-holes through his coat, he communicated such a panic 
to both Indians and whites, that they were soon in full flight 
for Oswego. So ended St. Leger's expedition (August 22d). 
Battle of Bennington. — For the purpose of replenishing 
his supplies, Burgoyne, before hearing of St. Leger's fail- 
ure, sent out a strong party under Colonel Baum to Ben- 
nington, in what is now south-western Vermont. They 
^ were met on the 16th of August by Gen. Stark, whom the 
Assembly of New Hampshire had sent to the frontier of the 
state with a brigade of militia. "To-day, men, we'll beat 
the red-coats, or Molly Stark's a widow," was the veteran's 
\ inspiring address to his men before engaging. And they 
did beat the red-coats — not only Baum's detachment, but 
another sent to re-enforce it, which arrived soon after the 
first battle. Seven hundred prisoners, with four field- 
pieces, as many ammunition-wagons, and nearly a thou- 
sand stands of arms, were among the trophies of Ben- 



1777] 



BUEGOYNE'S CAMPAIGN. 



163 



First Battle of Stillwater. — These two blows proved fatal 
to Burgoyne, leading the Indians and Canadians to desert, 
deterring the tories from joining his ranks, and putting him 
to great straits for provisions. On the other hand, the 
Americans kept gathering strength ; the militia poured in, 
and two brigades arrived from the Highlands. Just at this 
juncture, when his labors seemed on the eve of being crowned 
with victory, Schuyler, by order of Congress, was superseded 
by Gen. Gates. Deeply wounded as he ^vas by this in- 
justice, Schuyler did not resent it ; on the contrary, he still 
spared no effort for his country, and helped his rival reap 
the harvest which of right belonged to himself. 

Gates was soon in a condition to assume a bolder front, 
and determined to arrest 
the progress of the invad- 
ers at Be'mis's Heights, 
which Kosciusko was 
charged with fortifying. 
Moving slowly amid dif- 
ficulties that began to 
look serious, on the 19th 
of September Burgoyne 
approached the American 
lines, and a general action 
was brought on. This 
first battle of Stillwater, 
as it is called, was fought 
with the most determined 
bravery, Morgan's rifle- 
men and Gen. Arnold 
particularl}' distinguish- 
ing themselves on the 
American side. The field 
was several times succes- 
sively won and lost by 




1G4 THE KEYOLUTIONARY WAE. [l777 

the contending parties. When night fell, the Continental 
troops withdrew within their lines, with a loss of 300 men 
to 500 on the part of the enemy, though the latter claimed 
the victory in consequence of finally holding the field. The 
next day, the British, finding their adversaries indisposed 
to renew the engagement, retired to their encampment two 
miles north of where the Americans lay. 

Meanwhile Burgoyne's communications with Canada had 
been severed by the capture of posts in his rear. Many of 
the provision-boats which were now his sole reliance had 
become the spoil of enterprising parties of militia. It hardly 
looked as if the British chief would eat his Christmas dinner 
in Albany, surrounded by the trophies of victory, as he had 
boasted. No news came from New York, whither pressing 
messages had been sent for help ; nothing was left but to 
risk another engagement, with the view of forcing a passage 
through the American lines. 

The Second Battle of Stillwater took place October 7, 
1777, on ground a little west of the former battle-field. It 
was a terrible conflict, in which Gen. Frazer was the hero on 
the British side, while Morgan and Arnold were foremost 
among the patriots. Gates prudently keeping out of harm's 
way in the camp. Arnold, deprived of command by the jeal- 
ousy of Gates, remained a looker-on as long as he was able.; 
but at last he could restrain himself no longer, and dashed 
upon the foe, heading charge after charge, stimulating his 
men to desperate deeds, carrying dismay into the hostile 
ranks, challenging death, and finally falling severely wound- 
ed — but not till the battle was won, in great part by his valor. 
Night put a stop to the conflict ; before morning Burgoyne 
had moved his army and camp to the north, with the view 
of retreating to Fort Edward. 

Burgoyne's Surrender. — But retreat the British general 
could not ; he was surrounded by vigilant enemies. His 
camp was filled with wounded and dying ; food he had 



1777] buegotne's sueeender. 165 

little ; even his supply of water was uncertain, for women 
had to bring it from the river, the American sharp-shooters 
picking off any soldiers that were sent for that purpose. On 
the 13th of October, Burgoyne proposed to capitulate. The 
terms were agreed on and the papers drawn, w^hen, on the 
night of the 16th, a messenger from below brought word that 
Gen. Clinton had taken Forts Montgomery and Clinton (see 
Map, p. 183), and was coming up the river. 

Burgoyne felt like reconsidering ; but when, the next 
morning. Gates, with his army in battle array, demanded an 
immediate answer, the British general had to yield. That 
same day (October 17th), 5,791 men — all that was left of his 
grand army — surrendered on the plains of Saratoga. Valu- 
able ordnance and small-arms at the same time fell into the 
hands of the victors. Thanksgivings rose from every true 
heart, as the joyful news of Burgoyne's surrender sped from 
lip to lip. 

Howe's Campaign. — While Gates was winning laurels in 
the north, Washington was vainly trying to stem the tide 
of British invasion in Pennsylvania. Howe, unable to bring 
his adversary to a general engagement in New Jersey, had 
sailed from Staten Island in Julv with 18,000 men, intendino: 
to fall on Philadelphia by way of the Delaw^are. Learning, 
however, that the Americans had obstructed the channel of 
the river, he changed his course to Chesapeake Bay, and 
landed near its north-eastern extremity, whence a march of 
fifty miles would bring him to Philadelphia. 

Battle of Brandywine.— Washington, though his effective 
force was but 11,000 strong, could not let this important 
city be taken without a blow in its defence. Accordingly, 
he threw himself in Howe's path at Brandywine Creek (see 
Map, p. 155). A division under Cornwallis, crossing the 
stream higher up, fell on the American flank, and caused the 
whole line to retreat in confusion and with great loss (Sep- 
tember 11th). 



160 THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. [l777 

Four days afterward Washington brought up his army 
for another battle, but after some skirmishing a violent storm 
put an end to fighting for the time. Howe then made a 
feint of marching on Reading {red'hig), and, when Washing- 
ington turned aside to protect this place, availed himself of 
the opportunity to push on to Philadelphia. Surprising an 
American detachment left to check his advance, he entered 
the metropolis of Pennsylvania, September 26th. 

Germantown.— Forts Mifflin and Mercer. — The principal 
operations during the remainder of the year were a surprise 
of the British at Germantow^n by Washington (October 4th), 
which, though at first promising success, terminated in a re- 
pulse, — and the opening of the Delaware to the British fleet, 
by the capture of Forts Miflfiin and Mercer below the city 
(see Map, p. 155). Fort Mercer withstood a fierce assault ; 
but the garrison of Fort Mifflin, after holding out against a 
continued attack till their guns were disabled, set fire to 
what remained of the works and crossed the river to Fort 
Mercer. On the approach of a greatly superior British force, 
it was found necessary to abandon this fort also, and to 
leave the river in possession of the enemy. 

Valley Forge, on the Schuylkill River, twenty-tw^o miles 
from Philadelphia, was selected by Washington for the win- 
ter-quarters of his army. Thither, on the 11th of December, 
he led his suffering men, some of wdiom bare-footed left their 
tracks in blood upon the ground. Dreadful were the trials 
of the dreary winter that followed. Only pure love of coun- 
try could have enabled the shivering and hungry followers 
of Washington to bear the hardships of Valley Forge. 

Nor were Washington's trials less. His defeats were 
contrasted with the splendid victory which had but lately 
humbled the British lion in the north. For the moment 
some of the best friends of freedom lost confidence in him, 
and a plot was even formed in Congress to raise Gates to 
the chief command in his stead. So gloomily closed the 



1TT7] 



THE KEVOLUTIONARY WAR. 



167 




Valley Fokge. 



year 1777. No wonder that, as one who overheard him tells / 
us, Washington in this dark hour knelt in a thicket and I 
wrestled in prayer with the God of battles. 



/ 



REVIEW BY DATES. 

Continue the Chronological Record from page 111, according to the 
following suggestions. Review as heretofore directed. 



1758 (Ticonderoga). 1*766 (Act repealed). 
" (Louisburg). 11&1 (Duties laid). 
" (Fort Du Quesne). 1770 (Massacre). 

1759 (Ticonderoga). 1771 (Regulators). 
" (Quebec). 1773 (Tea-party). 

1760 (Canada). 1774 (Port Bill). 
1763 (Treaty. War). " (Gen. Gage). 
1765 (Act passed). " (Congress). 

Sum up the operations of the Revolutionary War in 1777, favorable to 
the Americans. Mention those in which the British had the advantage. 



1754 (War begun). 

" (Great Meadows). 
" (Fort Necessity). 

1755 (New Brunswick). 
" (Braddock). 

" (Dieskau). 

1756 (Oswego). 

1757 (Ft. William Henry). 



1G8 THE REVOLUTION AEY WAR. [l7T8 

CHAPTER XXI. 

REVOLUTIONARY WAR: EVENTS OF 1 778-1 779. 

Hays of light shot now and then athwart the darkness 
that brooded over Valley Forge. Thither came Baron Steu- 
ben, who had served in the Seven Years' War under Fred- 
erick of Prussia, the Great Captain of Europe, and who, ap- 
pointed inspector -general of the Continental arm}?, soon 
made his skillful management apparent in every depart- 
ment. Still better, through the arguments of Dr. Franklin, 
supported by the overthrow of Burgoyne, the French gov- 
ernment had become convinced that the States would ulti- 
mately triumph, and on the 6th of February, 1778, recog- 
nized their independence. In case of Great Britain's resent- 
ing this action (as she did), France was to make common 
cause with America. Finallj^, the storm that had gathered 
over Washington broke away, the intrigues against him 
exciting general indignation, especially in the army. 

Evacuation of Philadelphia. — As a French fleet might 
now at any moment appear in the Delaware, the British 
thought it best to evacuate Philadelphia. Before they did 
so, Howe, recalled at his own request, surrendered the chief 
command to Gen. Clinton. Commissioners, also, arrived 
from England, who proposed a suspension of hostilities, and 
offered everything that the colonies had at first demanded. 
Congress, however, declined to treat until the British troops 
should be withdrawn or the independence of the United 
States acknowledged. So the negotiations failed ; and Clin- 
ton, havino: sent his fleet to New York, commenced his march 
thither across New Jersey, at the head of 12,000 men. 

Battle of Monmouth. — Washington immediately broke 
camp at Valley Forge, and, leaving Arnold with a small 
detachment to take possession of Philadelphia, followed the 



1778] BATTLE OF MOIOIOrTH. 169 

enemy. Overtaking them at Monmouth (see Map, p. 155), 
he resolved to risk a general engagement. Lee, who had 
advised to the contrary, was directed to commence the at- 
tack, and did so, on a hot Sunday morning, June 28, 1778. 
Lee's movements, however, were so strange as to excite the 
suspicions of Lafayette, who sent an urgent message to the 
commander-in-chief to hasten forward. As Washington 
came up at the head of the main body, he was thunder- 
struck to meet Lee's division in full retreat. 

Then was seen Washington's power as a commander. 
Staying the flight, inspiring confidence, bringing order out 
of confusion, he turned defeat into victory. At twilight he 
remained master of the field, with his armj' advantageously 
posted to renew the battle in the morning ; but in the morn- 
ing no enemy was there. The American loss was 229, the 
British considerably greater ; many fell on both sides from 
the excessive heat. Clinton withdrew his men unmolested 
to Sandy Hook, whence his fleet conveyed them to New 
York. The American army made its way across the Hud- 
son, and encamped near its old quarters at White Plains. 

Molly Pitcher's heroic conduct in this battle has made 
her name famous. She was a gunner's wife, and already 
renowned for her bravery at Fort Clinton, where, w^hen her 
husband threw down his match at the sight of the British 
mounting the rampart, she had caught it up and fired the 
last shot at the approaching foe. At Monmouth, seeing her 
husband struck by a ball and no one to take his place, she 
sprang to the gun and served it so well that the next day 
she was commissioned as sergeant, and afterward went by 
the name of Captain Molly. 

Attack on Newport. — The expected French fleet, with 
4,000 troops on board, arrived early in July, 1778. Its com- 
mander. Admiral D'Estaing (des-tanP'), after threatening 
New York, determined to attack the British at Newport ; 
Sullivan, with Greene, Lafayette, and 10,000 Americans, 
8 



ITO 



THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 



[1778 



was sent to cooperate with him. The island was occupied, 
and the siege commenced. At this juncture, just as the 
French and the English fleet were about to engage, a great 
storm separated them, and obliged the former to make for 
Boston to refit. Feeling that without assistance he could 
not carry the siege to a successful issue, Sullivan gave it 
up, and, after repulsing an attack of the British, skillfully 
withdrew his men from the island. 

Indian and Tory Raids. — Wyoming. — After St. Leger's 
flight from Fort Schuyler, the tories and Indians gave no 
trouble in that quarter for a time ; but in Jul 3^, 1778, a body 
of them 1,100 strong, under Colonel John Butler and the 
Seneca chief He-that-walks-in-smoke, entered the lovely val- 
ley of AVyo'ming, in 
Pennsylvania, on the 
Susquehanna River. 
Most of the able- 
bodied men had gone 
to fio-ht for their coun- 

o 

try, and the small 
force that sallied forth 
to meet the invaders 
was beaten back, and 
fled in confusion. No 
mercy was shown to 
the prisoners ; the 
flames, the war-club, 
and the tomahawk, 
sealed their fate. 

Scenes of Indian Massacres, 1778, 1779. q^^^^^ Esther, an In- 

dian half-breed, infuriated by the loss of her son shortly be- 
fore, murdered fourteen with her own hands. 

Two days after, the defenceless people who had taken 
refuge in the adjacent fort surrendered, on the promise of 
protection for their lives and property. But the Indians 




1778] INDIAN AND TORY KAIDS. lYl 

soon set restraint at defiance, and spread terror far and 
near, burning and j^lundering. Wilkesbarre {ioill:s' bar-re), 
on the opposite side of the Susquehanna, was given to the 
flames, and the inhabitants of the surrounding country were 
compelled to flee to the nearest settlements, across mountain- 
swamps that are still called "the Shades of Death." Many 
perished from exposure and starvation. One of the fugi- 
tives is said to have thrown himself on the earth, to lap up 
a few grains of meal that had been spilled ; another carried 
her dead infant many weary miles, to save its body from 
the wolves. 

Cherry Valley. — In November, Butler's son and the 
noted Mohawk Brant made a similar descent on Cherry Val- 
ley, near Otse'go Lake, N. Y. They left the place in ruins, 
and committed murders and ravao-es in which the savao-e 
chief was outdone by his white companion. 

MiNisiNK. — The next year (July, 1779), Brant, with some 
Indians and tories, extended his depredations to Orange 
County, N. Y., burned the village of Minisink, a settlement 
near Goshen, and cut off a party of volunteers that went to 
look for him. In one of their incursions, a school-house lay 
in the path of the destroyers ; Brant killed the master, but 
spared the girls, and made some hieroglyphics with black 
paint on their aprons, which his followers as they came up 
respected. After several of the boys, who were without 
such protection, had been tomahawked, these brave girls, 
at the risk of being killed themselves, threw their aprons 
over their brothers, and thus saved them from the parties 
that followed. 

The necessity of prompt measures to put a stop to such 
atrocities, was evident. In x\ugust, 1779, General Sullivan 
invaded the Iroquois country, and, defeating Brant with his 
tory allies on the site of the present city of Elmira, went on 
to the valley of the Genesee, burning the villages of the 
Indians and destroying their crops. 



172 THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. [l779 

British Raids. — After the battle of Monmouth, Washing- 
ton's army did little during the remainder of the year but 
watch the British. They spent the following winter in a 
line of cantonments extending on the south to Middlebrook, 
on the Rar'itan River, N. J. Great damage was done by 
raiding-parties sent out by Gen. Clinton from time to time. 
The ruthless Tryon, an adept at this kind of work, found 
employment for his talents in Connecticut (March and July, 
1779) ; and Gen. Matthews, toward the close of spring, made 
havoc on the James and Elizabeth Rivers in Virginia, burn- 
ing merchant- vessels and ships-of-war, and carrying off to- 
bacco and whatever other booty he could find. 

Stony Point. — About the beginning of summer, 1779, 
Clinton himself conducted an expedition up the Hudson, 
and captured the American works at Stony and Verplanck's 
Point (see Map, p. 183), about forty miles up the river. 
Washington immediately made such a disposition of his 
army as to protect the works higher up, particularl}' the 
strong fort at West Point, which had been commenced the 
preceding year by Kosciusko. But the enemy's possession 
of the two posts thus taken, commanding King's Ferry on 
the most direct highway to the Eastern States, occasioned 
great annoyance ; and Gen. Anthony Wayne, who had made 
his mark at Germantovvn and Monmouth, was charged with 
their recovery. 

A negro who was in the habit of trading with the garri- 
son having been secured as guide. Stony Point was sur- 
prised by a night attack and brilliantly carried (July 16, 
1779). Unable to hold the works, in view of the force that 
could be sent against them from New York, Washington 
ordered their destruction. The British kept possession of 
Verplanck's Point, and a few days afterward again occupied 
the opposite headland. 

Movements at the South. — Meanwhile the British com- 
mander-in-chief, having made little headway at the north, in 



1770] MOVEMENTS IN THE SOUTH. 173 

the fall of 1778 dispatched a fleet and land-force to operate 
in the Southern States. Savannah, the first point attacked, 
though bravely defended, was taken, and the subjugation of 
eastern Georgia followed. 

The next aggressive movements of the British were made 
in South Carolina (1779). The plantations of "rebels" 
were overrun and pillaged, slaves driven off, and outrages 
of every kind committed, while prisoners were maltreated 
and hanged on both sides. Moultrie drove the enemy from 
Port Royal (see Map, p. 186), and Pickens broke up a party 
of North Carolina tories on their way to swell the British 
ranks ; but Gen. Ashe, with a body of militia, was defeated 
at Brier Creek. Charleston was seriously threatened, but 
the militia under Moultrie and Governor Rutledge, aided by 
Pulaski's Legion, protected the city till Gen. Lincoln's ap- 
proach forced the British to retire (May, 1779). 

The summer passed, and in the next operations at the 
south the Americans and French assumed the offensive. 
D'Estaing, after cruising in the West Indies, appeared off 
the coast of Georgia, and an attack on Savannah was planned 
between him and Lincoln. The British could not have stood 
a long siege ; but after a few days' cannonading D'Estaing 
became impatient, and threatened to leave unless Lincoln 
would consent to an immediate assault. Accordingly, a 
determined but unsuccessful attempt to storm the fortifica- 
tions was made on the 9th of October. 

Pulaski, one of America's truest friends, fell at the head 
of his Legion ; D'Estaing, disabled, was carried from the 
field ; Sergeant Jasper, unhurt in performing a similar 
exploit at Fort Moultrie, just as he had fixed in the parapet 
the crescent flag of South Carolina, received his death-wound 
from a rifle-ball. The assailants were repulsed, losing nearly 
1,100 men, while the British loss was little more than a hun- 
dred. The French commander refused to continue the siege ; 
so, while he set sail for France after having effected little 



174 



THE KEVOLUTIONARY WAR. 



[1779 




Fall of Jasper at Savannah. 



or nothing, the disap- 
pointed Lincoln led back 
the remains of liis army 
to Charleston. 

Naval Operations. — Congress had not been blind to tlie 
importance of establishing a navy, but the efforts made in 
tliat direction were not at first particularly successful. 
While many brilliant achievements had been performed 
by privateers, the national vessels had, for the most part, 
either been blockaded in port or destroyed before they were 
fully equipped. Commodore Biddle had, indeed, maintained 
the honor of his country on the ocean ; but in March, 1778, 
during an action with a British vessel carrying twice as 
many guns as his own, his magazine exploded, and killed 
him together with most of his crew. 

Chief among the American naval heroes of this period was 
John Paul Jones, already mentioned as the first to raise the 
stars and stripes. In 1778, he made the newly-adopted flag 
an object of terror on the Scottish and English coasts. Sep- 



17T9] PAUL JONES. 175 

tember of the following year is memorable for his action 
with the British frigate Serapis. After one of the most des- 
perate conflicts on record, the muzzles of the guns almost 
touching each other as they were fired, the Serapis struck. 
The American vessel was so badly cut up that her creiv had 
to be transferred to the prize, and she sunk shortly after- 
ward. 

GENERAL REVIEW AND MAP QUESTIONS. 

(Refer to the Maps on pcifjes 155, 1G3, 170, and 183.) 

"What three places in Xew Jersey were noted Revolutionary battle- 
fields ? What two places in Pennsylvania ? Mention these five battles in 
the order of their occurrence. Which of them were favorable to the Ameri- 
cans ? In which did Washington command ? Whom did he encounter at 
Brandywme ? Whom at Monmouth ? 

Near what boundary did the battle of Brandy wine take place ? How 
were Forts Mifflin and Mercer situated ? In what direction from Philadel- 
phia was Yalley Forge ? Middlebrook ? Morristown ? In what connec- 
tion have these places been mentioned ? 

Between what lake and river were the two battles of Stillwater fought ? 
In what town did the surrender take place ? Near what present village ? 
In what direction did the field of surrender lie from the battle-fields ? Wlio 
particularly distinguished themselves in the second battle ? 

How was Fort Schuyler situated ? What events took place here ? 
Where is Oris'kany ? For what is this place noted ? Of what lake is the 
Susquehanna River the outlet? What place is near the head of Otsego 
Lake ? What happened at Cherry Valley ? At what place east of Cherry 
Yalley was there once an Indian massacre ? Give an account of it. 

Where was Wyoming ? What present city on the opposite side of the 
Susquehanna? For what is this region now noted ? For its coal. Where 
is Goshen? Minisink? For what is Minisink memorable? In which of 
the massacres just mentioned did Brant take part ? 

AVhere was the battle of Long Island fought ? Where is Jamaica ? 
Who was mortally wounded near Jamaica ? Relate the circumstances. 
Near what river is White Plains ? On which side of the Hudson is Ver- 
planck's Point ? Stony Point ? What two forts higher up ? Above these, 
what fort was commenced in 1788 ? What river empties into the Hudson, 
south of Yerplanck's Point ? Where was the Neutral Ground ? Where 
was Fort Lee ? What fort opposite to it ? 



176 



THE EEVOLUTIONARY WAR. 



[1780 



CHAPTER XXII. 



REVOLUTIONARY WAR: EVENTS OF 1780. 

Financial Difficulties. — Among the difficulties with which 
Congress had to contend in conducting the war, not the least 
was the want of money. It had been obliged to resort to 
bills of credit, issued from time to time in denominations of 
from %\ to $20, on pledge of the public faith for their re- 
demption in gold or silver. At first this Continental money, 




Continental Bill. 

as it was called, passed for its face ; but as the issue in- 
creased, reaching in 1780 the enormous amount of $200,- 
000,000, while there seemed to be no prospect of ever pay- 
ing the debt, it naturally fell rapidly in value. A skein of 
silk at one time cost $10 in Continental money, a yard of 
calico $85; and, at last, in 1781, no one would take the paper- 
money at all. The individual states had also issued bills of 



1780] CAPTUKE OF CIIARLESTOX. ITT 

their own, which stood no better than the Continental notes ; 
$750, for example, in South Carolina money, was asked for 
a pair of shoes. Speculators of course turned this derange- 
ment of the currency to their own advantage, at the expense 
of the people. 

These were evils harder to be overcome than British 
armies. Small loans, indeed, were obtained after a time in 
France and Holland, and the establishment of the Bank of 
North America (December 31, 1781), under the management 
of Robert Morris, of Philadelphia, wdth authority to issue 
notes redeemable on demand in gold or silver, helped to 
reheve the pressure ; but the financial condition of the 
country was for a while desperate. 

Capture of Charleston. — The British campaign for 1780 
had in view the complete reduction of the Southern States. 
Early in the year, Gen. CHnton himself took the field with 
5,000 troops, and directed his first efforts against Charleston. 
Gen. Lincoln defended the city with an insufficient force, in 
the hope of receiving succor. But none arrived, while 3,000 
additional troops from New York under Cornw^allis swelled 
the enemy's ranks. The British lines were brought closer 
and closer, a terrible cannonading was kept up, and Lincoln 
had finally to capitulate (May 12, 1780). Five thousand 
men, the chief hope of the patriots of the south, thus be- 
came prisoners. 

Immediately after this blow, expeditions were sent out in 
different quarters by the British commander, to overawe the 
republicans. Augusta, Ninety-Six, and Camden (for places 
in the Carolinas, see Map, p. 186), were occupied without 
opposition. Colonel Tarleton, an able but cruel cavalry-offi- 
cer, dashed after a body of Americans that had been on the 
march to Charleston but had turned back, surprised them at 
Waxhaw Creek, and cut them to pieces while praying for 
quarter, so that "Tarleton's quarter" became a byword for 
barbarity. Many now accepted the offer of British protec- 



178 THE KEVOLCTIONAEY WAR. [l780 

tion, on condition of not being required to bear arms against 
their country. Clinton, congratulating himself on the com- 
plete subjugation of Carolina, sailed for New York with 
part of his men, leaving Cornwallis in command of the rest. 

Partisan Warfare. — Cornwallis was neither just nor wise. 
He broke faith with those who had surrendered and accepted 
"protections," imprisoning some of the chief men of Charles- 
ton, and seizing their j^roperty. He allowed marauding 
parties to scour the country, destroy the crops, burn the 
houses, and maltreat the inhabitants. This course only 
roused the people to desperate resistance. So when Sumter 
and Mar'ion, Pickens and Clarke, raised their standards in 
the backwoods and swamps, numbers who had been deceived 
and outraged flocked to support them. Little parties were 
thus formed, which in time became thorns in the side of the 
British. 

Ever on the move, proof against fatigue, fearless riders, 
unerring riflemen, though perhaps ragged, hatless, and shoe- 
less, they would fall on exposed posts, cut off provision- 
trains, strike small detachments, break up tory camps, ap- 
pearing when least expected and vanishing before the enemy 
could strike a blow in return. Cornwallis, when at any 
strange house out of Charleston, would never trust himself 
indoors, but always sat on the piazza, watching lest some of 
these sharp riders should swoop down upon him. They re- 
lied on the enemy for their supply of muskets and ammuni- 
tion, and, stripping the neighboring mills of saws, had them 
made into sabres by the country blacksmiths. 

Marion, ''the Swamp Fox," as the British called him, 
was one of the most successful of the partisan leaders. His 
" ragged regiment," at first made up of but twenty men and 
boys, grew to be a formidable element in the war for freedom 
at the south. He would start from his swamp-camp at sun- 
set, and keep the saddle all night. His men never knew 
where they were going, — nor when, except by watching the 



1780] 



MAKION 



179 



cook and seeing when he was getting ready an extra supply 
of their poor food. Marion was small in stature and humane 
in disposition, but would brook no breach of discipline. An 
incident that occurred somewhat later, illustrates his deci- 
sion of character. 

A major and captain of his brigade had been guilty of 
plundering the house of a whig, and had carried off the 




owner's sword, the major unblushingly wearing it at his 
side. The fact coming to Marion's ears, he dispatched an 
officer to demand the sword. " If the general wants it," 
was the reply, " let him come for it himself." Marion then 
sent a request that the major would report at his quarters, 
and both the offenders presented themselves. The general 
was surrounded by his officers, but there were some dis- 
affected men on whose support the mutineers depended. 



180 THE KEVOLUTIOXARY AVAK. [l780 

Marion demanded the sword ; again it was refused. " Ser- 
geant of the guard," said Marion, " bring me a file of men 
with loaded arms and fixed bayonets." There was dead 
silence, for it was felt that unless one or the other gave way 
a bloody scene would be enacted. The stronger will con- 
quered. Just as the guard appeared, the mortified major 
unbuckled and surrendered the sword, and he was afterward 
expelled from the brigade. 

Sumter. — If the " Swamp Fox " was noted for cunning, 
the " Carolina Game-Cock," as Sumter w^as called, was equal- 
ly distinguished for bravery. With 600 men attracted to 
his standard by some advantages gained over the British 
and tories in the up-country, in August, 1780, he won the 
battle of Hanging Rock, and shortly after made an im- 
portant capture of clothes and stores intended for the Brit- 
ish army at Camden. 

Battle of Camden. — About this time the patriots of Caro- 
lina were in high hopes, for Gen. Gates, with an army or- 
dered to the south at the time of Lincoln's pressing need at 
Charleston, was approaching Camden. Cornwallis hastened 
thither, called in his outposts, and made ready for battle. 
Singularly enough, when the Americans w^ere about twelve 
miles distant, the two commanders formed each the design 
of surprising the other by a night attack, and started for 
that purpose about the same hour. At two o'clock, on the 
morning of August 16th, they met near Camden. The mili- 
tia gave way at the first onset, and the battle resulted in 
the complete rout of the American army, with heavy loss, 
De Kalb being among those who fell. Gates, who had 
thought he would have little trouble in "Burgo3ming Corn- 
wallis," came near being " Burgoyned " himself, and drew 
off his shattered army to North Carolina, where he was soon 
superseded by Gen. Greene. Greene was one of Washing- 
ton's most trusted officers ; Trenton, Princeton, Brandywine, 
and Germantown, had witnessed his valor and skill. 



1780] BATTLE OF KING^S MOUNTAIN. 181 

To crown the misfortunes of the Americans, Siimter, two 
days after the battle of Camden, was surprised by Tarleton 
at Fishing Creek. The spoils he had taken were recaptured, 
and his division was broken up. For a time, Marion was the 
solo upholder of the patriot cause in South Carolina. 

King's Mountain. — The Old North State, however, did 
not give up the contest. Her intrepid mountaineers, with 
those of Virginia, led by Colonels Campbell, Shelby, and 
Sevier, put quite a different aspect on affairs, October 7, 
1780, by gaining an important victory at King's Moun- 
tain, in South Carolina, just south of the state line. With 
the loss of but twenty Americans, 1,125 British and tories 
were here defeated, and the survivors captured. This blow 
so weakened Cornwallis, who had advanced to Charlotte, 
N. C, that he fell back, and encamped between the Wa- 
teree and the Broad. 

Movements at the North.— An expedition into New Jer- 
sey in June, with unimportant results, was about all that 
was attempted by the British at the north in 1780. Nor 
was Washington's army, reduced by the withdrawal of regi- 
ments for the southern campaign and distressed by the want 
of provisions, in a condition to assume the offensive. A 
French fleet sent over through the influence of Lafayette, 
arrived in the summer at Newport, which the British had 
evacuated the preceding fall; and Washington earnestly 
desired to cooperate with it in an attack on New York. 
Before he could get ready, however, some more British ships 
made their appearance, and the French were blockaded in 
Narragansett Bay by a superior force. 

Arnold's Treason. — Meanwhile a traitor was at w^ork. 
The strong fort at West Point had been completed, and its 
command given, at his own solicitation, to Benedict Arnold, 
distinguished for his exploits at Stillwater and elsewhere. 
While in command at Philadelphia, Arnold had lived ex- 
travagantly, contracted debts, used his official position for 



182 THE REVOLUTION AEY WAR. [l780 

purposes of private gain, quarrelled with the local authori- 
ties, and so mismanaged affairs generally as to be con- 
demned by a court-martial to receive a formal reprimand. 
The disgrace rankled in his bosom ; he opened a corre- 
spondence with the British, and sought the command at 
West Point for the express purpose of betraying it into 
their hands. 

Clinton, who longed to secure this key to the fortresses 
on the Hudson, gladly offered the traitor £10,000 and the 
rank of general in the British service for the betrayal of his 
trust. The details of the nefarious plot were settled with 
Major Andre, adjutant-general of the British army, who 
ascended the Hudson in the sloop Vulture to have an inter- 
view with Arnold. While he was still ashore, within the 
American lines, the Vulture was fired upcn and obliged to 
drop lower down the river. Having, therefore, exchanged 
his uniform for an ordinary dress and concealed plans of 
the fortress in his stockings, Andre crossed the Hudson 
and proceeded to New York on horseback. 

The country on the east side of the river for thirty miles 
above Manhattan Island was called the Neutral Ground. 
Not included within the lines of either army, it was the prey 
of lawless forayers known as Cow-boj's and Skinners. The 
Cow-boys were in the British interest, and made it a busi- 
ness to rob the farmers of their cattle, Avhich found a ready 
sale in the New York market. The Skinners, loud in their 
professions of patriotism, levied on tories principally, but 
were not above plundering any one when a fair chance of- 
fered. Andre had just entered this disputed ground, when 
near Tarrytown he was stopped by three patriots, to whom, 
in the belief that they were friends, he announced himself 
as a British officer. Searching his person, they discovered 
the papers in his stockings ; and, turning a deaf ear to his 
offered bribes, they carried him to the nearest post. He 
was there allowed to send a note to Arnold, which enabled 



1780] 



ARNOLD S TREASON. 



183 



the traitor to escape 
in a boat to the Vul- 
ture. Washington, 
returning from an 
interview witli the 
French commander, 
reached the spot just 
after Arnold's flight. 
He proposed to Clin- 
ton to exchange An- 
dre for Arnold, — an 
offer which, though 
reluctantly, the Brit- 
ish general felt obliged 
to decline. Accord- 
ingly, the accomplish- 
ed young officer, 
found guilty as a spy, 
was hanged at Tap- 
pan, October 2, 1780. 
Benedict Arnold 
received his reward ; 
but British gold was 
poor pay for the in- 
famy branded on his 
name. He afterward 
indulged his malice 
against the patriots 




n'^^fev^- 



The Lower ^udsox. 

by carrying fire and sword along the James River, Virginia, 
as far as Richmond (January, 1781), and by applying the 
torch to New London, Connecticut, while his Hessians and 
tories were massacring the garrison of Fort Griswold, op- 
posite the last-named town, after they had surrendered 
(September, 1781). The inhumanity of the boy who had 
played cruel tricks on his companions, robbed birds' nests, 



184 THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR, [1781 

and maimed the fledglings that he might enjoy the dis- 
tress of the parent-birds, was fully developed in the bar- 
barity of the baffled traitor. 



GENERAL REVIEW AND MAP QUESTIONS. 

Recount in the order of time the operations of the Revolutionary War 
in 17*78 that were favorable to the Americans. Sum up those in Avhich the 
British had the advantage. 

Do the same with the operations of I'ZYO : with those of 1*780, What 
part of the country was the theatre of war in the latter j^ear ? 

Mention in the order of time all the operations in connection with 
which we have seen Arnold figure. In Avhat battles had Gates the chief 
command ? Where did Pulaski fall ? De Kalb ? Gen. Mercer ? Gen. War- 
ren ? Gen. Montgomery ? 

3Iax>, p, 183. — How is West Point situated ? On which side of the 
river was Andre taken ? In what state was he executed ? What battle 
took place five days after his execution ? Draw a map of the Hudson as 
far north as Newburg, showing the position of the principal forts in the 
Revolution. 



CHAPTER XXIII. 

REVOLUTIONARY WAR: EVENTS OF 1781. 

Mutinies. — The commencement of the year 1781 was 
marked by serious troubles in the American army quartered 
at Morristown. The Pennsylvania troops, half clothed and 
unpaid, insisted that their term of enlistment had expired, 
and demanded their discharge. This being refused, they 
threatened their commander. Gen. Wayne, with death if he 
opposed them, and took up their march to Philadelphia, to 
obtain their rights by the bayonet. A committee of Con- 
gress met them on the way and succeeded in satisfying 
them, but had to grant them the discharge demanded. Two 
British emissaries who had been sent to tamper with them, 



1781] MOVEMENTS IN CAKOLmA. 185 

were given up and hanged as spies. In a few days, this 
mutinous example was followed by some of the New Jersey 
troops ; but Washington in this case suppressed the out- 
break by force, and executed two of the ringleaders. 

It was about this time that Robert Morris came to the 
relief of Congress with his fortune, his credit, and his bank. 
The cause of the Union was also strengthened by the rati- 
fication of Articles of Confederation proposed by Congress. 
England, meanwhile, had added Spain and Holland to the 
number of her enemies. Yet she seemed as determined as 
ever to reduce her rebellious colonies, large appropriations 
being made by Parliament for conducting the operations of 
the year. 

Movements in Carolina. — On the day after England de- 
clared war against Holland, Greene took command of the 
southern army (December 3, 1780). Though he found it 
ragged and sadly disorganized, he lost no time in commenc- 
ing active operations. Marion and Sumter were at their 
old game, keeping the British in a ferment ; Tarleton w^as 
as active as ever ; whigs and tories were waylaying, robbing, 
and killing each other ; savage violence was rife throughout 
South Carolina. 

The Cowpens. — To threaten the British rear and keep 
down the tories in that direction, Greene placed half his 
army under Morgan (one of the heroes of Stillwater and 
Monmouth), and dispatched him to the neighborhood of the 
Cowpens. At this place, January 17, 1781, took place a des- 
perate encounter between Morgan and Tarleton, who had 
been sent in search of him. The Americans stood firm 
against the fiery charges of the British dragoons, which had 
so often proved fatal to their countrymen, and with small 
loss on their side gained a decisive victor3\ Five hundred 
prisoners, w^ith horses, baggage-wagons, and much-needed 
stores, were taken. 

Tarleton himself narrowly escaped capture by Colonel 



186 



THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 



[1781 



William Washington, by whom he was wounded in a per- 
sonal encounter while flying from the field. There was some 

point in the re- 
tort of a whig 
lady, before 
whom Tarleton 
afterward con- 
temptuously re- 
marked that he 
would like to 
see this Colonel 
Washington. 
"If you had 
looked behind 
you at the Cow- 
pens, colonel," 
was her sig- 
nificant reply, 
"you would 
have had that 
pleasure." 

Morgan and Greene's Retreat. — Morgan knew that Corn- 
wallis, who was but twenty-five miles off with the main 
army, would soon be at his heels, and rapidly made for the 
Catawba. Encumbered by his spoils, he had crossed it but 
two hours, when the British commander, who had destroyed 
his unnecessary baggage and hurried on by forced marches, 
reached the ford. As it was near dark, Cornwallis post- 
poned crossing till morning ; but during the night a heavy 
rain set in, which swelled the stream so that it could not be 
forded for two days. This gave Morgan an opportunity to 
make a safe disposition of his prisoners, and enabled Gen. 
Greene, who had started almost alone about the same time 
as Cornwallis, to join the retreating division and direct its 
movements. 




THE 

SOUTHERN 
CAMPA IGN 

780-81 



1781] MORGAN AND GEEENe's EETEEAT. 187 

Cornwallis having at length accomplished the passage, 
another race began for the Yadkin. The Americans had 
just crossed, when again a providential rain raised the river, 
and obliged Corn^vallis to deviate from the direct course and 
take a ford higher up. Among the friends of freedom in 
Virginia the flying Americans would be safe, and to the 
fords of the Dan on the borders of that state pursued and 
pursuers now pressed with all speed. 

Half-way there, at Guilford [yhU'ford) Court-House, 
the Americans effected a junction with that portion of the 
army which Greene had left behind ; still they were in no 
condition to give battle, and the retreat was continued. A 
light corps under Colonel Williams of Maryland, and Lee, 
the famous " Light-horse Harry " whose Legion earned glory 
here and on many a well-fought field, covered the rear of 
the Americans till the main body had crossed the long- 
wished-for Dan. Cornwallis came up just too late ; the 
river was too deep to ford, the boats had been secured by 
the Americans. A third time foiled, he abandoned the pur- 
suit. 

Battle cf GuiKord Court-House. — After receiving some 
re-enforcements of militia, Greene again took the field. 
Provisions were so scarce that sometimes his men were 
obliged to appease their hunger with frogs from the swamps. 
Only now and then would he receive a meagre supply of 
money to meet his most pressing wants. His ammunition 
had to be doled out with the strictest economy. Laboring 
under these disadvantages, no wonder' that in a pitched 
battle with Cornwallis at Guilford Court-House (March 15, 
1781), although greatly superior to the enemy in numbers, 
he was badly defeated, losing all his artillery, and many of 
the militia by desertion. Cornwallis, however, found his 
army so much diminished after his victory, that he imme- 
diately fell back toward the coast. The vigilant Greene, 
defeated but not crushed, was soon on his track, but failing 



188 THE KE VOLUTION ARY WAK. [l781 

to bring him to an engagement pushed on into South Caro- 
lina ; while his adversary improved the opportunity to move 
to the north, and join a corps of British troops from New 
York that had been operating in Virginia. 

Hcb'kirk's Hill. — The British held a number of scattered 
posts in South Carolina, but their main body lay at Camden 
under Lord Rawdon. For this point Greene aimed. Too 
weak to attack the enemy's intrenchments, he encamped 
in the immediate neighborhood, at Hobkirk's Hill. Here, 
April 25th, he was unexpectedly attacked by Rawdon. Vic- 
tory, which for a time seemed within the grasp of the Amer- 
icans, at last declared for the British, and Greene was driven 
several miles from his position. Lord Rawdon, though suc- 
cessful, found it necessary to fall back from Camden. 

Meanwhile Marion and Sumter, Lee and Pickens, allowed 
the enemy no rest ; one by one, the British outposts fell. 
Nor were the women of Carolina wanting in devotion to 
their country. Mrs. Motte brought " Light-horse Harry " 
a bow, that with burning arrows he might fire the roof of 
her fine dwelling and dislodge the enemy who had made it 
their stronghold. And so we read of women galloping by 
night to warn their countrymen of meditated attacks by 
tories, or carrying secret dispatches through perils that 
would have appalled less heroic hearts. 

Siege of Hinety-Six.— A garrison of tories still held 
Ninety-Six, and to this post Greene himself, after his dis- 
comfiture at Hobkirk's Hill, laid siege (May 22d). The 
approach of Rawdon, who had been re-enforced at Charles- 
ton with fresh regiments from Ireland, drove the Americans 
from the works just as the beleaguered garrison, which had 
made a most gallant defence, was on the point of surrender- 
ing. Rawdon followed Greene a little way, but soon turned 
back, abandoned Ninety-Six, and slowly retired toward 
Charleston, Greene hanging on his rear. 

Battle of Eutaw Springs. — During the hot summer, the 



lT8l] 



BATTLE OF EUTAW SPRINGS. 



189 



hostile armies lay resting not many miles apart, active opera- 
tions being confined to the partisan corps. Lord Rawdon 
now sailed for England, leaving the chief command in Caro- 
lina to Colonel Stuart. The weather becoming cooler, Greene 
crossed the rivers Wateree and Congaree, and approached 
Eutaw Springs, where Stuart waited to give him battle. The 
field was hotly contested (September 8th), and seemed at 
one time to belong to the Americans ; but the British ral- 
lied, and falling on the militia, who thinking the day was 
gained were dispersed among the enemy's stores, threw them 
into confusion and finally won the battle. The loss on both 
sides was heavy. Stuart was so weakened that he could not 
hold his position, and the next day saw him in full retreat 
toward Charleston. Thus closed the campaign in Carolina. 
Their victories had done the British little good. Through 
the efforts of Gen. Greene, whom defeat seemed only to 
inspire with fresh energy, almost the whole of Carolina and 
Georgia had been wrested from the enemy ; only Charles- 
ton and Savannah, with the country immediately adjacent, 
remained in their possession. 
Operations in Virginia. — 
When Cornwallis, after the 
battle of Guilford Court- 
House, made for Virginia, it 
was to eff'ect a junction with 
a British army under Arnold 
and Phillips, which had for 
some time been ravaging the 
country. Lafayette had been 
dispatched to hold the enemy 
in check, but owing to the in- 
sufficiency of his force he had 
been but partially successful. 
Yet here, as throughout the 
war, he was prudent, skillful, brave, and above all gener- 




190 THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. [l781 

ous to his men, supplying their wants from his own purse. 
On many fields this true friend of America had done good 
service : — at Brandy wine, where he was wounded : — at Bar- 
ren Hill, near Valley Forge, where his strategy saved a large 
division from cai^ture : — at Monmouth, where his vigorous 
attack might have decided the battle, but for Lee's untimely 
order to retreat : — at the siege of Newport, when he rode 
seventy miles in six and a half hours, to be present at the 
expected action : — and not the least at Paris, where his per- 
suasions induced the government to send over material aid, 
and Avhere it was said to be * fortunate that Lafayette did 
not take it into his head to strip the palace of its furniture 
for his dear America, for that the king would have been 
unable to refuse him.' 

Lafayette and Cornwallis were now to measure sw^ords. 
The British general, after assuming command in Virginia, 
confident of catching " the boy," pursued him closely for 
some distance to the north, till he was re enforced by Gen. 
Wayne, and then it was Lafayette's turn. Not risking a 
pitched battle, but disconcerting the enemy's plans and con- 
stantly harassing them as they fell back, he followed Corn- 
wallis successively to Richmond, Williamsburg, and James- 
town. When in September the British general settled down 
at Yorktown (see Map, p. 273) and fortified himself there, 
Lafayette took a position on the peninsula a few miles off, 
anxiously w^aiting for the arrival of additional forces. 

Siege of Yorktown. — He had not long to wait. Wash- 
ington, and Rochambeau {ro-shon^-bo'), the commander of 
the French troops at the north, who had been threatening 
New York, quietly withdrew their men and were far on their 
way to Virginia before Clinton was aware of their design. 
Pursuit would have been useless. Cornwallis could receive 
no succor by land, and the English ships sent to his relief 
were turned back at the entrance to the Chesapeake ]:)y a 
strong French fleet that had already arrived. The allied 



1781] 



SURRENDER OF CORNWALLIS. 



191 



,, jW\.<i^ ;>-^ 




army, numbering with tlie 
militia 1G,000 men, took their 
pf)&itions, and on the last day 
of September the investment 
of Yorktown was complete. 
Closer and closer the lines of the allies were brought ; 
more and more destructive was their fire. The outworks of 
the British were stormed and carried ; their ships moored 
near the town were burned ; a desperate sortie was re- 
pulsed ; a bold attempt at flight by crossing to Gloucester 
(glos'ter) at night and cutting a passage through the French 
lines at that point, was defeated by a violent storm ; further 
resistance was hopeless, and Cornwallis proposed to surren- 
der. The terms were arranged at Moore's house, on the 
York River, near the American lines ; and on the 19th of 
October the Surrender of Yorktown took place. Over 
7,000 men laid down their arms, in the presence of exulting 
thousands gathered from the country around. That same 



192 THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. [l781 

day the slow Clinton sailed from New York to raise the 
siege, with a great fleet and an army equal to Cornwallis's, — 
but only to sail back again, on hearing off the coast of Vir- 
ginia of what had hapjoened. 

King George Third's prime-minister received the news 
of Cornwallis's surrender "as he would hav^e received a 
cannon-ball in his breast." But to the struggling patriots 
of America it brought new life. They felt that now the 
days of trial were numbered. At midnight an officer from 
AVashington's camp galloped through the streets of Phila- 
delphia, and roused the president of Congress to listen to 
the welcome news. The watchmen caught it up, and as 
they paced their rounds cried out, " Cornwallis is taken ! " 
Soon the streets were filled ; the bells rang ; and many a 
knee bent in fervent thanksffivinor. 



GENERAL REVIEW AND MAP QUESTIONS. 

Sum up the events of the Revolutionary War in 1781, that were favor- 
able to the British arms. Recount those in which the Americans had the 
advantage. Compare the circumstances that brought about Burgoyne's 
capture with those that led to CornwalHs's surrender. 

Mention the battles in which the following officers took part, and what- 
ever else you can remember about them : — Greene ; Morgan ; " the Swamp 
Fox;" "the Carolina Game-Cock;" Lafayette; Cornwallis; Tarleton. 
What French officers have been mentioned as taking part in the Revolu- 
tionary War, and where did they figure ? 

Continue the Chronological Record, by filling in the principal events 
for the years 1775, 1770, 1777, 1778, 1779, and 1780. 

Map, p. 186, — Mention the principal Revolutionary battle-fields in 
South Carolina. In North Carolina. What rivers did Morgan cross in his 
retreat from the Cowpens to Virginia ? How was Camden situated ? Guil- 
ford Court-House ? Ninoty-Six? Charlotte? For what event in 1775 is 
Charlotte memorable ? 

Map, p. 273. — How is Yorktown situated ? What place is opposite 
to it ? In what direction from Yorktown is Williamsburg ? What was the 
first capital of Virginia ? The second ? The present capital ? When was 
Williamsburg made the seat of government ? When, Richmond ? In 1779. 



1782] CLOSE OF THE REVOLUTION. 193 



CHAPTER XXIV. 

CLOSE OF THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR.— FORMA- 
TION OF THE CONSTITUTION. 

Cessation of Hostilities. — After the surrender at York- 
town there was but little fighting. The British still held 
New York, Charleston, and Savannah, but were in no con- 
dition to make any aggressive movement. Gen. Greene 
took a position near Charleston, ready to fall upon it if op- 
portunity offered. In like manner, Wayne watched Savan- 
nah, and Washington kept his eye on Clinton's army in 
New York. 

George III. was obstinate and weak-minded ; by the ad- 
vice of his ministers, he would have sent over another army 
to America. But the British people, on whom the cost 
would have fallen and who had never favored the war, made 
themselves heard. Burke and Fox raised their voices in 
Parliament ; and in March, 1782, the House of Commons 
formally declared that it would consider as public enemies 
all those who should advise a further prosecution of the war. 
So Lord North gave place to another minister who was favor- 
able to peace. Gen. Clinton was superseded, and hostilities 
ceased. In July, the stars and stripes, waving over Savan- 
nah, announced that the enemy had departed from that city ; 
in December, they took leave of Charleston, Gen. Greene 
marching in to the tune of " Yankee Doodle." 

Peace. — Commissioners met at Paris to arrange the terms 
of peace, and on the 3d of September, 1783, a treaty was 
signed by which the ixdepexdexce of the United States 
WAS ACKNOWLEDGED — the Mississippi being fixed as its 
boundary on the west, and the Great Lakes on the north. 
At the same time England made peace with France, Holland, 
and Spain, and ceded back to the last-named power Florida, 
9 



1T83] EVACUATION OF NEW YORK. 195 

which had been a British possession for twenty years. Lou- 
isiana, also, belonged to Spain at this time and until 1800, 
when it passed into the hands of France. The Map on the 
opposite page shows the territory of the United States at 
the close of the Revolutionary War. 

New York, the last place remaining to the British, was 
evacuated November 25, 1783. Washington, Governor 
George Clinton, and the American troops under Gen. Knox 
— the efficient head of the artillery corps, who had been with 
Washington in every battle he had fought — immediately 
took possession. At Fort George, which fronted the Bowling 
Green in the lower part of the city, the departing British 
had left their flag nailed to its staff, removed the cleats, and 
greased the pole to prevent its being ascended. But hardly 
were they out of the fort, when a sailor-boy was on his way 
up the flag-staff, and soon the ensign of Britain gave place 
to the flying colors of the infant republic. 

Trouble in the Camp. — Meanwhile, though danger from 
the British was over, there had been danger of a different 
sort. The beginning of the year 1782 found the finances of 
the country in a terrible condition ; there was not a dollar 
to pay the army. The states would not, or could not, raise 
the amounts they were called on to contribute ; and Con- 
gress had no power to compel them to do so. Threats of 
violence arose in the camp at Newburg ; and, had it not been 
for Washington's influence, both officers and men would have 
proceeded to extremities to obtain their dues. Nothing 
would have been easier than for Washington at this crisis to 
have made himself a king, according to the suggestions of a 
letter from one of his dissatisfied officers ; but he indignant- 
ly rejected the proposal. Afterward, by meeting the mal- 
contents and laying before them an address full of noble 
sentiments, he defeated an insidious attempt to array them 
against the civil authorities. 

Disbanding the Army. — In November, 1783, the army 



196 CLOSE OF THE REVOLUTION. [l783 

was disbanded. Congress did all in its power to meet its 
obligations to the brave men who had suffered and bled for 
their country, but that all was very little. Washington took 
leave of his brother-officers, assembled at his quarters in New 
York. Tears filled every eye, as their beloved commander 
grasped them by the hand and embraced them in turn. On 
the 23d of December, at Annapolis, where Congress was in 
session, he surrendered his commission, and retired to 
Mount Vernon, accompanied by the blessings of a grateful 
nation and crowned with the greatest glory ever achieved 
by man. 

Articles of Confederation. — The United States now con- 
sisted of thirteen republics, whose local affairs were man- 
aged by governors and assemblies of delegates chosen by 
the people. But separately the states were small and weak, 
and no sufficient bond united them in one nation to be feared 
and respected abroad. Articles of Confederation had, indeed, 
been ratified by the states during the war, — by some of them, 
jealous of their rights, with great reluctance. But these 
Articles, failing to clothe Congress with power to enforce 
its recommendations and particularly to lay taxes, were now 
found wholly inadequate. Without the means of raising 
money. Congress could neither pay its debts to soldiers and 
citizens at home, nor discharge its obligations to foreign na- 
tions from whom loans had been received. There was dan- 
ger of anarchy. In more than one place the payment of 
taxes was resisted ; and in Massachusetts in 1787, Shays's 
Rebellion, as it was called, had to be put down by Gen. Lin- 
coln and a body of militia. 

Formation of a Constitution. — It was clear that a stronger 
government and a closer union among the states were needed. 
To meet these wants by remodelling the Articles of Confed- 
eration or framing a new instrument to take their, place, a 
convention in which the several states were represented by 
some of their ablest men, assembled at Philadelphia, in May, 



178T] THE CONSTITUTION. 197 

1787. Washington was chosen president. At the sugges- 
tion of Dr. Franklin, the daily sessions were opened with 
prayer. " If a sparrow," he said, "can not fall to the ground 
without God's notice, is it possible that an empire can rise 
without his aid ? " 

The convention sat four months ; the fruit of its labors 
was THE CoxsTiTUTiox OF THE UxiTED States, Under which 
our government is still administered. Offered to the states 
for their ratification, the new instrument was warmly sup- 
ported b}^ the Federalists, who favored a strong central 
government, while it was violently opposed by the advocates 
of states'-rights, who were known as Anti-federalists. In 
June, 1788, it had received the sanction of nine states, which 
was necessary to give it force ; and by the summer of 1790 
it had been adopted by the rest. 

Provisions of the Constitution.— The Constitution vests 
the legislative, or law-making, power in a Congress, consist- 
ing of a Senate and House of Representatives. The Senate 
is composed of two members from each state, who hold office 
for six years ; the House of Representatives, of members 
chosen by the people every second year. The executive, or 
law-enforcing, power is vested in a President, selected every 
four years by Electors chosen by the people. A Vice-Presi- 
dent, who presides in the Senate and takes the place of the 
president in case of the death or disability of the latter, is 
elected in the same way. To become a law, a bill must be 
passed by both houses of Congress and be signed by the 
president ; if he returns it without his signature, it takes 
effect if passed by two-thirds of both houses. — For further 
details refer to the Constitution itself, which, w^ith a few 
Amendments subsequently passed from time to time, is ap- 
pended to this History. 

The " Territory North-west of the Ohio " was organized 
by Congress in 1787, out of unsettled lands ceded by several 
of the states to the general government. It embraced the 



198 THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 

region between the Ohio and the Great Lakes, Pennsylvania 
and the Mississippi (see Map, p. 194). 



ABSTRACT OF THE PRINCIPAL EVENTS OF THE REVO- 
LUTIONARY WAR. 

As a review, mention in order the events of each year, omitting the 
day of the mouth, which is given for purposes of reference merely. Differ- 
ent pupils may then take the events in turn, and enlarge on them without 
being questioned. 

1 775. Battle of Lexington, Apr. 19, commences the Revolutionary War. 
Battle of Concord. Capture of Ticonderoga by Ethan Allen, May 
10. Second Continental Congress meets, May 10. Capture of 
CroAAm Point by Seth W^arner, May 12. First declaration of in- 
dependence, Charlotte, N. C, May 21. Election of Washington as 
commander-in-chief, June 15. Battle of Bunker (Breed's) Hill, 
June 17. American invasion of Canada ; Montreal taken ; Quebec 
assaulted unsuccessfully and Montgomery slain, Dec. 31. 
1 776. Hessians hired by the British. Evacuation of Boston by the Brit- 
ish, March 17. Repulse of the British at Charleston, June 28. 
Declaration of Independence, July 4. Battle of Long Island, 
Aug. 27. British take possession of New York City. Battle of 
AVhite Plains, Oct. 28. Cherokee AYar. Capture of Forts Wash- 
ington and Lee by the British. British take Newport. Washing- 
ton's retreat across New Jersey. Battle of Trenton, Dec. 26. 

1777. Battle of Princeton, Jan. 3. New Jersey mostly recovered by the 
Americans. Arrival of Lafayette. Adoption of a national flag, 
June 14. Burgoyne's campaign ; capture of Ticonderoga, July 6. 
Siege of Fort Schuyler. Battle of Oriskany, Aug. 6. Battle of 
Bennington, Aug. IG. Battle of Brandywine, Sept. 11. First bat- 
tle of Stillwater, Sept. 19. British take possession of Philadel- 
phia, Sept. 26. Battle of Germantown, Oct. 4. Second battle 
of Stillwater, Oct. 7. Burgoyne's surrender at Saratoga, Oct. 17. 
Capture of Forts Mercer and Mifflin by the British. Americans go 
into winter-quarters at Yalley Forge. 

1778. Recognition by France of the independence of the XJ. S., Feb. 6. 
Evacuation of Philadelphia by the British, June 18. Battle of 
Monmouth, June 28. Massacre of Wyoming. Arrival of J'rench 
fleet. Unsuccessful siege of Newport by the Americans. Mas- 
sacre of Cherry Valley. Exploits of Paul Jones. Capture of 
Savannah by the British, Dec. 29. 



ABSTRACT OF EVENTS. 199 

1779. Tryon's raids in Connecticut. Matthews's raid in Virginia. Capt- 
ure of Stony and Verplanck's Point by the British. Recapture of 
Stony Point by Wayne, July 16. Sullivan's Indian Expedition. 
Repulse of the Americans at Savannah, Oct. 9. 

1 780. Financial straits. Surrender of Charleston to the British, May 12. 
Surprise of Americans at Waxhaw Creek, May 29. Arrival of 
French fleet. Partisan warfare in Carolina. Battle of Rocky 
Mount, July 30, Battle of Hanging Rock, Aug. 6. Battle of 
Camden, Aug. 16. Battle of Fishing Creek, Aug. 18. Arnold's 
treason discovered ; Andre's execution, Oct. 2. Battle of King's 
Mountain, Oct. 7. 

1781. Mutinies in the American camp. Estabhshment of the Bank of 
North America. Ratification of the Articles of Confederation. 
Arnold's raid in Virginia. Battle of the Cowpens, Jan. IT. Mor- 
gan and Greene's retreat. Battle of Guilford C. H., March 15. 
Battle of Hobkirk's Hill, Apr. 25. Siege of Ninety-Six. Corn- 

■ wallis and Lafayette in Virginia. Arnold ravages New London ; 
massacre at Fort Griswold, Battle of Eutaw, Sept. 8. Siege of 
Yorktown. Surrender of Cornwallis, Oct. 19. 

1782. Evacuation of Savannah and Charleston by the British. 

1783. Peace with Great Britain, Sept. 3. Disbanding of the American 
army, Nov. 3. Evacuation of New York by the British, Nov. 25. 
Washington resigns his commission, Dec. 23. 



CHAPTER XX Y. 

THE EARL Y PRESIDENTS, 

The First President. — Soon after the Constitution had 
been approved by the requisite number of states, an election 
was held to fill the presidency and vice-presidency. For 
the former office, Washington vv^as the unanimous choice ; 
for vice-president, John Adams was selected. Adams had 
served his country faithfully in the Continental Congress, 
had represented her at the court of Holland, and there ob- 
tained a loan when it was greatly needed. He had been 
one of the commissioners to negotiate the treaty of peace 



200 



THE EAKLY PRESIDENTS. 



[1789 



with Great Britain, and the first minister of the United 

States to that 
country. 

Washington 
was inaugurated 
on the 30th of 
April, 1789, at 
Federal Hall, in 
the city of New 
York, on the site 
of the present 
Sub-treasury 
building. Here 
too was organized 




Federal Hall, New York. 



the Federal Congress, which was to take the place of the 
old Continental Congress that had carried the nation suc- 
cessfully through the eight years' war. 

Washington's administration, Il89-I1d1. 

The Cabinet. — One of the first measures of Congress was 
to create three executive departments, the heads of which 
were to be known respectively as the Secretary of State, 
the Secretary of the Treasury, and the Secretary of War. 
These officers were to be appointed by the president, and 
to constitute his cabinet, or council. To the three depart- 
ments just named, Washington appointed Thomas Jeff'erson 
of Virginia, who had for four years represented the United 
States at the French court, — Alexander Hamilton, of New 
York, — and Gen. Knox, his tried army-friend. John Jay, of 
New York, wlio had been one of the ablest defenders of 
the Constitution, was made Chief-Justice. 

Congress has since created two new departments, the 
Navy and the Interior ; the heads of which, together with 
the Attorney-General and the Postmaster-General, now 
have seats in the cabinet. 



1789] 



HAMILTON S FINANCIAL MEASURES. 



201 



Financial Measures, — To Secretary Hamilton was com- 
mitted the most difficult task, — that of providing ways and 
means, at a time when the nation had no credit and was 
heavily in debt. His policy was just and far-sighted. 
Debts incurred in carrying on the war by the general gov- 
ernment as well as individual states, were acknowledged to 
the amount of 180,000,000, and measures taken for their 
gradual payment. A national bank, to be located at Phila- 
delphia, was chartered for twenty years (1791). Domestic 
manufactures were encouraged, and a revenue secured, by 
laying duties on imported goods. These measures restored 
the public credit, and business promptly revived. Whether 
as financier for the young republic, as defender of the Con- 
stitution while its adoption was yet doubtful, or as aid, sec- 
retary, and confidant of Washington during the war, Hamil- 
ton never failed to render faithful service to his country. 

The First Census of the United States was taken in 1790. 
It showed the total population to be a little short of four 
millions. The city _^-=rL ^^ - - _- 

of New York at this ^""^ -=-^^— = =- 

time contained but 
33,000 inhabitants; 
Philadelphia, the 
second city of the 
Union, not so many 
by nearly 5,000; 
while the freehold- 
ers, or land-owners, 
of Brooklyn, which 
now ranks third, were 
less than 100 in num- 
ber. Brooklyn was 
connected with New 

xr 1 1 p Fulton Fekky, Brooklyn, in 1700. 

1 ork by a I e r r y , 

which occupied the site of the present Fulton Ferry, but 




202 Washington's administration. [l790 

with its rural surroundings little resembled this busy cen- 
tre. — About this time, the first factory for making cotton 
cloth was established, in Beverly, Mass. ; while the manufact- 
ure of woollens and the printing of calico were commenced 
at Newburyport. 

Indian War. — Ever since the Revolution, the Indians 
had given trouble on the western frontier. Emissaries from 
the posts which the British still retained contrary to treaty, 
had fired the Red Men with increased hatred toward the 
settlers now rapidly encroaching on their hunting-grounds. 
The pioneers who dotted the valley of " the beautiful river," 
as the French called the Ohio, had suffered in consequence 
from depredations, which the Continental Congress had no 
means of preventing. The Indians grew bolder as they saw 
that their outrages went unpunished, and finally assumed 
so defiant a tone that an invasion of their territory was 
deemed necessary. 

A permanent settlement, the first in Ohio, had been com- 
menced at Marietta in 1788. The same year, some emi- 
grants had fixed their abode on the present site of Cincinnati, 
and there also Fort Washington had been erected. From 
this post, in the fall of 1790, 1,400 men, under Gen. Harmer, 
moved north to lay waste the Miami country. They suc- 
ceeded in burning several villages ; but shortly after, an 
ambush proved fatal to an important detachment, and the 
main body suffered a disastrous defeat. 

Gen. St. Clair, whom we last met at Ticonderoga, was 
now governor of the North-west Territory ; and in Septem- 
ber, 1791, he started on an expedition against the Miamis. 
But he fared even worse than Harmer, being surprised by 
the Indians near the Wabash, in what is now western Ohio 
(see Map, p. 214), and losing two-thirds of his men, his bag- 
gage, and artillery. 

Gen. Wayne, whose dashing gallantry at Stony Point 
had gained him the title of "Mad Anthony," was now made 



1794] Washington's administration. 203 

commander-in-chief, and undertook the management of the 
war. In 1794, he inflicted on the Indians a defeat and loss 
from which they never recovered. Defiance, Ohio, still pre- 
serves the name of Fort Defiance, which Wayne erected dur- 
ing this campaign ; and Fort Wayne, Indiana, was originally 
a government-post which the same general built to keep the 
Indian country in subjection. 

The hostile tribes, their crops and villages far and near 
having been destroyed, were soon ready to purchase peace 
by making an extensive cession of territory to the United 
States, corresponding in the main with the present state of 
Ohio. After this, the frontier had rest for some years ; per- 
haps the Indians were frightened by " Mad Anthony's " 
threat, that he would rise from the grave to punish them if 
they ever broke the treaty. 

The Republican Party. — From the first some had op- 
posed the Constitution, on the ground of its giving too much 
power to the general government. These gradually grew into 
a strong party known as Republicans, and at a later period 
as Democrats. Among their leaders was Jefferson, who had 
returned from France so thoroughly imbued with democratic 
principles that he wore a waistcoat and breeches of scarlet, 
red being the color adopted by the French revolutionists. 

The Republicans objected to Hamilton's financial meas- 
ures, opposed the U. S. Bank, and found fault with Wash- 
ington as an aristocrat. They thought "his Excellency" 
was too much like a king, with his four-horse coach of 
cream-color, and his grand levees where courtly forms pre- 
vailed. Yet, in spite of politicians, Washington and Adams 
were elected for a second term. Meanwhile, the seat of 
government had been removed to Philadelphia, and provision 
made for the selection of a site on the Potomac for a per- 
manent capital. 

France or England.— Since 1789 a bloody revolution had 
been in progress in France, which resulted in the overthrow 



204 Washington's administration. [iT94 

of monarchy, and the execution of King Louis XVT. in 1793. 
War was declared between England and the French Republic, 
and the question arose which side the United States should 
take. A bitter feeling generally prevailed against England, 
on account of her retaining the western posts which she had 
agreed to surrender, and her unwillingness to enter into lib- 
eral commercial arrangements. On the other hand, Franco 
was remembered with gratitude, and the republicans desired 
that the United States should decide in her favor. 

But Washington could not decide in favor of a govern- 
ment that had guillotined the king who had aided America, 
and compelled the good Lafayette to fly for his life. He 
issued a proclamation of neutrality, — that is, that citizens of 
the United States should refrain from aiding either power. 
When Genet', the minister of the French Republic, sent out 
privateers from Charleston to operate against British mer- 
chantmen, and strove to arra}^ the people against Washing- 
ton's policy, his government Avas requested to recall him. 

Washington and Hamilton, the federalist leaders, were 
now assailed with violent abuse. Democratic societies were 
formed, and the country was distracted with party excite- 
ment. Intelligence arriving that John Jay, as minister- 
plenipotentiary to England, had succeeded in making a 
treaty which settled existing differences with that country, 
he was burned in effigy before his own house in New York. 
At the close of 1793, Jefferson left the cabinet. 

Whiskey Rebellion. — In the summer of 1794, the opposi- 
tion to government showed itself in a more dangerous form 
than words. The distillation of spirits had all along been 
subject to a tax. In many quarters this excise-duty had 
been evaded ; and when it was attempted to enforce its col- 
lection in western Pennsylvania, armed resistance was made, 
and various outrages were committed by the disaffected. To 
put down this "Whiskey Rebellion," the militia had to be 
called out. 



1794] Washington's administration. 205 

The political excitement, however, gradually subsided. 
Washington was importuned to serve a third term, but 
declined, and John Adams was elected to succeed him. No 
subsequent president has served more than eight years ; 
though the Constitution does not forbid a third term, the 
feeling of the people seems to be decidedly against it. 

Discovery of Coal. — A great discovery and a great in- 
vention wonderfully stimulated the industries of the nation, 
toward the close of the century. In 1791, a hunter, wander- 
ing for game on the bleak Mauch Chunk [maick cliunTz) 
Mountain, in Pennsylvania near the Lehigh River, stumbled 
against a large black shining stone. Struck with its appear- 
ance, he picked it up ; it was sent to Philadelphia, and there 
pronounced to be coal. The mountain was explored, and 
found to contain an invaluable bed of this precious mineral. 
The development of the great coal-region of Pennsylvania 
rapidly followed. Fuel being thus conveniently supplied, 
the iron deposits of the same state became doubly valuable, 
and the production of this metal grew into one of its leading 
industries. 

The Cotton-Gin. — The important invention referred to 
above, was the cotton-gin. The difficulty of separating the 
seeds from the fibre by hand had always been a great draw- 
back in the production of cotton. In 1792, Eli Whitney, of 
Massachusetts, then studying law in Georgia, was asked to 
devise some way of removing the seeds by machinery, and 
the result was the invention of the gin. Unfortunately for 
Whitney, his model was stolen before a patent was obtained, 
and he was defrauded of his just reward. But the value of 
his invention to the country was inestimable. A wonderful 
impetus was given to the cultivation of cotton. The crop 
in 1791 was 2,000,000 pounds; in ten years, it had increased 
to 48,000,000. Since then cotton has become the great 
southern staple, the annual production amounting to from 
thirty to forty times the quantity just mentioned. 



206 



Washington's administration. 



[1796 



Three New States were added to the Union during Wash- 
ington's administration. First was Vermont, which had re- 
sisted the claims of New York till the latter abandoned them 
in consideration of $30,000 paid by the " Green Mountain 
Boys." Vermont was first settled in 1724. at Fort Dummer, 
near the present village of Brattleboro ; it was admitted in 
1791. 

Second was KentucW, where the pioneer in his log cabin, 
with his nfle and hound, was as independent as a prince. 

■ A flourishing common- 

wealth had here sprung 
up, which, despite a 
strong inclination on 
the part of some of the 
inhabitants to form a 
separate nation, found 
a home in the Federal 
Union in 1792. 

Third was Tennes- 
see (1796), where, as 
w^e have seen, Caro- 
linians had early plant- 
ed themselves ; Fort 
Loudon, thirty miles 
from where Knoxville 
now stands, was the 
pioneer settlement. The first representative of Tennessee 
in Congress was a man of decided character, destined to do 
good service to his country; his name was Andrew Jackson. 

ADMINISTEATIOX OF JOHN ADAMS, 1797-1801. 

John Adams was a federalist. He received a few more 
votes than Jefferson ; who, standing second, according to 
the Constitution became vice-president. 

War threatened. — The president's policy of neutrality, 




Pioneer Life in Kentucky. 



1799] ADMINISTEATION OF JOHN ADAMS. 207 

following on Jay's treaty with England, greatly exasperated 
France. French and American vessels met on the ocean, 
and in the encounters between them, thanks to Captain 
Truxton and his frigate Constellation, the United States did 
not come off second best. Preparations were made for war. 
Washington was again summoned from his retirement at 
Mount Vernon to the chief command of the army. The for- 
mal declaration of war, however, was deferred ; and when 
Napoleon seized the sceptre of France as First Consul, a 
treaty was concluded with that country (1800). 

Death of Washington. — Meanwhile Washington, " the 
warrior, the legislator, and the citizen without reproach," 
had passed to his final rest, December 14, 1799. His be- 
reaved countrymen, in whose hearts he was still first, sin- 
cerely mourned his loss. In the same year died another 
great and good Virginian — Patrick Henry. 

The New Capital. — In 1800, the scat of government was 
removed to the city of Washington, which had been building 
since 1792 on a site selected by the first president. The 
surrounding region was a forest wilderness. Mrs. Adams 
complained of the difficulty of procuring the necessaries of 
life in this " out-of-the-way settlement." 

Election of 1800. — The popularity of the federalists was 
waning, and at the next presidential election the republican 
candidates were successful. Thomas Jefferson and Aaron 
Burr, a grandson of the distinguished metaphysician Jona- 
than Edwards, having received an equal number of votes, 
the election was thrown into the House of Representatives ; 
which, after repeated ballotings, gave the presidency to 
Jefferson and made Burr vice-president. 

jeffeeson's administration, 1801-1809. 

James Madison, of Virginia, a moderate republican, served 
as secretary of state throughout Jefferson's terms. Early in 
this administration (1802), Ohio was admitted as the seven- 



208 Jefferson's administratiok. [l803 

teenth state, and the name of Indiana was given to what 
was left of the North-west Territory. 

Purchase of Louisiana. — A most valuable acquisition of 
teritory was made in 1803. Three years before, Napoleon 
had compelled Spain to cede Louisiana to France, intending 
to colonize it at the mouth of the Mississippi for military 
purposes. A new rupture, however, having occurred with 
England, he changed his plans and sold this vast tract to 
the United States for $15,000,000. The extent of the Lou- 
isiana Purchase, and what states have been formed from it, 
may be seen by consulting the Map on page 264:. 

An exploring party sent out by government was soon 
crossing the Rocky Mountains, and traversing wilds which 
the foot of a white man now trod for the first time. Oregon, 
included in this purchase, had been claimed by the United 
States before, in virtue of the discovery of the Columbia 
River by Captain Gray, of Boston, in 1792. 

Tripolitan War. — In 1803, a lesson was taught to the 
pirates of the Barbary States, on the Mediterranean coast 
of Africa. The U. S. government, as well as several Euro- 
pean powers, had been in the habit of paying the beys, or 
governors, of these states a yearly tribute for the protection 
of its commerce. Their insolent exactions at length becom- 
ing intolerable. Commodore Preble {preh'hH) was sent with 
a squadron to vindicate the honor of the flag. This he did, 
bringing the Bey of Tripoli to terms, after destroying several 
of his vessels and bombarding his capital. Lieutenant Deca- 
tur particularly distinguished himself in the Tripolitan War, 
by reciapturing and firing an American frigate under the 
guns of the fort in the harbor of Tripoli. 

Aaron Burr. — Jefferson was elected president for a 
second term, and the vice-presidency was conferred on Gov- 
ernor George Clinton, of New York. Vice-President Burr 
had incurred public odium by fastening a quarrel on Hamil- 
ton, in revenge for political opposition, and by killing this 



1807] 



JEFFEESON S ADMINISTEATIOX. 



209 



eminent statesman in a duel, July, 1804. Burr afterward 
engaged in a mysterious enterprise, which aimed either at 
wresting Mexico from Spain, or at breaking up the Union 
and making a separate government out of the South-west — 
liis own aggrandizement, in either case, being the chief ob- 
ject. Arrested in 1807, he was tried for treason, and, though 
acquitted for want of proof, he never recovered his former 
standing. 

Invention of the Staamboat. — The application of steam 
in a practicable way to the propelling of boats was a great 
scientific triumph that signalized Jefferson's administration. 
Robert Fulton was the inventor, his boat the Clermont, and 
the scene of its trial-trip the Hudson River. 

Attempts to use steam in navigation had been made be- 
fore, and with partial success by John Fitch, also an Amer- 




TiiE First Steamboat on the Hudson. 



210 JEFFEESOn's administration. [1807 

ican, on the Delaware (1787-90) ; but they had been without 
practical results. When Fulton's boat ascended the Hudson 
amid the cheers of wondering spectators on the banks (1807), 
a new era dawned on inland commerce. To reach Albany 
in thirty-six hours, as the Clermont did, was a great gain, 
for previously the trip by sailing-vessels had taken from six 
to ten days. 

The Abolition of the Slave-Trade made the year 1808 
memorable. The importation of slaves into the United States 
subsequently to this date was forbidden under heavy penal- 
ties. Provision for the extinction of slavery had already 
been made in all the northern states, mostly by gradual 
emancipation. When the North-west Territory was organ- 
ized, slavery was expressly excluded from it. Louisiana, at 
the date of its purchase, contained 40,000 slaves, with whom 
Congress did not meddle ; the institution also remained in 
force in Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, the Carolinas, and 
Georgia, in Kentucky and Tennessee. 

British aggressions gave President Jefferson great con- 
cern during his second term. Looking upon herself as mis- 
tress of the ocean, England, during her wars with Napoleon, 
utterly disregarded the rights of the United States as a neu- 
tral nation. Her cruisers would stop and search American 
vessels, and seize such able-bodied seamen as were needed, 
on the pretext that they were British subjects. An Amer- 
ican frigate, not in a condition to resist, having been sub- 
jected to this indignity almost within sight of an American 
port, after receiving several broadsides for denying the right 
of search, the President issued a proclamation ordering all 
British ships-of-war to quit the waters of the United States. 
Congress also laid an embargo on American vessels, detain- 
ing them at home, but afterward substituted a non-inter- 
course act, prohibiting trade with Great Britain. Yet the 
latter persisted in her offensive course. 

While things were thus drifting toward war, Jefferson, 



1811] Madison's administration. 211 

declining re-election, was succeeded in the presidency by his 
secretary of state ; Vice-President Clinton was continued in 
office for another term. 

Madison's administeation, 1809-1817. 

Tecumseh. — Meanwhile there were signs of trouble among 
the western Indians. Excited by crafty British agents and 
persuaded by the fiery eloquence of the Shawnee chief 
Tecum'seh, a number of tribes in the valley of the Wabash 
united in denying the validity of the land-sales that had 
from time to time been made, and threatened to resist the 
further occupancy of this region by white settlers. Gen. 
Harrison, then governor of Indiana Territory, was alarmed 
at the menacing tone of the Red Men. Hearing that Tecum- 
seh was inciting the southern tribes also to join in a general 
uprising, he gathered an army at his capital, Vincennes, and 
took up his march to the north. 

Tippecanoe. — On the Tippecanoe River, in what is now 
western Indiana (see Map, p. 214), lay the chief town of the 
hostile natives, under Tecumseh's brother, whose pretensions 
to supernatural knowledge had gained for him the title of 
" the Prophet." Encamping for the night in the neighbor- 
hood of this town, Harrison's men were suddenly attacked 
by a horde of whooping savages, before daylight on the 7th 
of November, 1811. The conflict was severe, but resulted 
in the complete discomfiture of the Indians. The Prophet's 
town was burned, the surrounding country laid waste, and 
most of the opposing tribes sued for peace. 

Tecumseh's plans were for the time disconcerted ; but 
when in the following year hostilities broke out with the 
British, he appeared in Canada with a number of his braves, 
and was made a general in the British army. 

War declared. — All hopes of obtaining concessions on 
the impressment question from Great Britain were at length 
abandoned. George HI., who was still on the throne, had 



212 MAmSOi^'s ADMINISTEATION. [l813 

become insane, and the men who managed affairs were as 
short-sighted as his advisers forty years before, whose folly 
had provoked the Revolution. Longer submission to the 
arro^-ant claims of Great Britain was deemed unworthy of a 
free nation, and war was formally declared by the United 
States, June 18, 1812. On hearing the news, most of the 
American seamen who had been impressed as "British sub- 
jects," at the risk of flogging and possibly of death, refused 
to serve against their country ; 2,500 such were kept im- 
prisoned in England throughout the war. 

During the anxious period which preceded the com- 
mencement of hostilities, the state of Louisiana, formed 
from the territory recently purchased from France, was ad- 
mitted into the Union ; and from the same tract the Terri- 
tory of Missouri was organized, with the growing town of 
St. Louis as its seat of government. 



CONTEMPORARV EVENTS AND RULERS. 

ISOO.— Population of the United States, 5,309,758,-896,849 of the 
number being slaves. Population of New York, 60,489 ; of Philadelphia, 
41,220; of Baltimore, 26,514; of Boston, 24,937; of New Orleans, about 
9,000 ; of Cincinnati, 750. Post-offices, 903. 

Sixteen states in the Union. Washington City, with a population of 
3,200, becomes the capital of the United States. The Territory North-west 
of the Ohio, containing 45,000 inhabitants, divided ; the eastern part erected 
into the Territory of Ohio, the western into the Territory of Indiana. Pro- 
visions made by Congress to regulate the sale of public lands. John 
Adams president. John Marshall, the biographer of Washington and for 
thirty-four years Chief-Justice of the United States, secretary of state. 
John Jay governor of New York. Treaty between the United States and 
France. Cession of Louisiana to France by Spain. Product of the Mexican 
mines for the year, $22,000,000. 

George III. of England in the fortieth year of his reign ; the younger 
Pitt prime-minister ; Great Britain and Ireland united. Napoleon first con- 
sul of France ; his famous campaign in Italy. Holland, Switzerland, northern 
Italy, and Genoa, republics— the result of the French Revolution. Francis II. 
emperor of Germany. 



1812] WAE WITH GKEAT BRITAIN. 213 

CHAPTER XXVI. 

IVAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN, 1812-1815. 

OPERATIONS OF 1812. 

First Movements. — The United States had but an insig- 
nificant force in readiness, with which to commence war upon 
a great nation. Gen. Dearborn, who had seen service in the 
Revolution, was made commander-in-chief ; and 3,000 regu- 
lars, with nearly as many militia-men of New York and Ver- 
mont, were collected on Lake Champlain under his direction. 
The first aggressive movement, however, was made farther 
west, in Upper Canada, by 1,800 men under Gen. Hull. For 
several years Hull had been governor of Michigan Territory, 
which had been set off from the Territory of Indiana. 

Dilatory at a time when energetic action was specially 
needed, the government failed to give prompt notice of the 
declaration of war to its remote western posts. Through 
this neglect, Mackinaw, which commanded the strait between 
Lakes Michigan and Huron, and indeed the whole country 
about the upper lakes, was taken unawares by a force of 
British and Indians, and obliged to surrender. 

Hull's Surrender. — Hull crossed from Detroit into Can- 
ada ; but, in stead of marching promptly on the British at 
Maiden (Map, p. 214), he delayed till that post had been too 
strongly garrisoned to be attacked, and the woods swarmed 
with Tecumseli's Indians. Then he crossed back again. 
His timidity invited attack, and a body of the enemy under 
Gen. Brock crossed from Canada, and was soon marching on 
the works at Detroit. The Americans had their guns, load- 
ed with grape, trained on the advancing foe, with every 
prospect of a brilliant victory ; when, to their indescribable 
mortification, Hull, who seems to have forgotten his man- 
hood, raised a white flag in token of surrender. Army and 



214 



MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 



i;i8i2 



stores, Detroit and the whole of Michig.an, were uncondi- 
tionally given up to the enemy (August 16th). 

Hull was afterward exchanged, and tried by court-mar- 
tial for treason and cowardice. He was found guilty of the 
latter and sentenced to be shot, but in view of his previous 
services was pardoned by the president. 

Loss of Fort Dearborn. — The day before the disgraceful 
surrender at Detroit, Fort Dearborn, on the site of the pres- 
ent city of Chicago, was abandoned to the neighboring 
tribes, who were in the interest of the British. The garri- 




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"Western Battle-fields located eelativkly to Present Cities. 



son were promised an escort through the wilderness to Fort 
Wayne, but had hardly commenced their march when the 
savages, provoked by their having destroyed their whiskey 
and surplus ammunition the night before, fell upon them, 
and a scene of carnage followed. Some were scalped for 
the sake of the bounties which the British had offered ; those 
who survived, were distributed among their captors. 

The Niagara Frontier next became the seat of war. 
Gen. Brock hastened thither to repel an invasion by a 
body of American militia assembling at Lewiston, sup- 



1812] BATTLE OF QTTEENSTOWI^. 215 

ported by a few regulars. The expected troops came tar- 
dily ; but in October Gen. Van Rensselaer, the American 
commander, determined to attack the enemy at Queenstown. 
The Niagara was crossed (October 13th — see Map, p. 224), 
and Queenstown Heights were carried in gallant style. In 
attempting to retake them. Brock fell. 

The British Gen. Sheaffe (shefe), with re-enforcements 
from Fort George, now appeared in sight. Anxiously did 
the Americans, only 600 of whom had as yet crossed, look 
for succor from the other side of the river — but in vain. 
The dastardly militia, drawn up on the bank, were panic- 
struck at the sight of the wounded, and refused to enter the 
boats. Those on the Canadian side, outnumbered two to 
one, maintained the struggle for a time, but finally surren- 
dered. In this action, Lieutenant-Colonel Scott and Captain 
Wool, of whom we shall hear more anon, commenced their 
honorable careers. 

Naval Operations. — If the Americans had reason to blush 
for their defeats on land, they might well be proud of their 
triumphs on the ocean. Great Britain had thought it im- 
possible for the few vessels of the young republic to cope 
with her mighty navy, but she was taught that " Yankee 
craft" were not to be despised. The Guerriere [gdre-e-dre')^ 
one of her finest frigates, struck its colors to the Constitu- 
tion (August 19th) — as also did the Macedonian to Decatur, 
of Tripolitan fame, in the frigate United States — and the 
Java to Commodore Bainbridge, in the same good frigate 
Constitution, " Old Ironsides," just as the year was closing. 

The Essex, the President, the Argus, all took valuable 
I)rizes. The Wasp, under Captain Jones, was victorious in 
a terrible encounter with the Frolic, but had to strike to a 
British seventy-four before she could secure her prize. Nor 
must we forget the gallantry of Commodore Chauncey on 
Lake Ontario, nor Lieutenant Elliott, who cut out two 
armed brigs from under the guns of Fort Erie. 



216 Madison's ADMDasTRATioN". [I812 

Madison re-elected. — The federalists, accused by the op- 
posite party of sympathizing with Great Britain, had from 
the outset opposed the war ; the disasters to the American 
arms furnished them fresh arguments against it. Yet Madi- 
son was re-elected, with Elbridge Gerry {(jh'er're) of Massa- 
chusetts as vice-president. James Monroe, of Virginia, who 
had distinguished himself in several of Washington's battles, 
was secretary of state throughout the war. The weakness 
of the army and navy being apparent, Congress now took 
measures for strengthening both. 

OPERATIONS OF 1813. 

Harrison's Campaign. — After Hull's surrender, the west- 
ern frontier would have been entirely unprotected but for a 
body of Kentuckians, who had responded to the call of gov- 
ernment for volunteers, and had taken the field under the 
hero of Tippecanoe. Recruits from other states joined Har- 
rison's standard, and he was soon appointed to the command 
of the North-west with ample powers. 

Harrison's aim w^as to recover Detroit. His advance 
was necessarily slow, and the winter of 1812-13 overtook 
him in north-western Ohio. In January the advanced divi- 
sion, under Gen. Winchester, had reached the rapids of the 
Maumee, when unfortunately, having been led to the relief 
of an exposed settlement across the Michigan line, it was 
surprised and captured by British and Indians from Maiden, 
under Gen. Proctor. 

The Americans surrendered on Proctor's pledge that the 
disabled should be protected ; in spite of which, all the 
wounded were cruelly left at the mercy of the bloodthirsty 
savages. Many of them were scalped, while others were 
dragged through the streets of Detroit and doomed to tort- 
ure unless ransomed. The British general, more careful for 
his safety than his honor, hastened back to Maiden imme- 
diately after the battle, with the bulk of his prisoners. 



1813] SIEGE OF EORT MEIGS. 217 

There lie paid his aUies for the scalps j^et covered with 
blood, and complimented them on their bravery. 

Siege of Fort Meigs. — Weakened by the loss of this di- 
vision, Gen. Harrison could not continue his advance on 
Detroit. But vrith his 1,200 men he moved to the rapids of 
the Maumee, and there erected Fort Meigs (see Map, p. 
214). Hardly were the works finished, when the active 
Proctor and the dusky followers of Tecumseh appeared be- 
fore them. The siege was vigorously pressed for some 
days ; but, though a division of Kentuckians coming to the 
aid of their countrymen w^as defeated and captured, no im- 
pression could be made on the fort. Tecumseh, as his share 
of the spoils, had been promised the person of Gen. Harri- 
son, whom he specially hated ; his brother, the Prophet, was 
to have had the whole of Michigan. Both were disappointed. 
The siege was raised ; and Proctor fell back to Maiden, his 
reputation stained with a still darker dye by the atrocities 
he had permitted toward the Kentuckians he had taken. 

Capture of York. — Meanwhile an invasion of Canada was 
projected by Gen. Dearborn, at Sackett's Harbor, on the 
eastern shore of Lake Ontario. On the 25th of April, 1,700 
picked men under Gen. Pike embarked on Commodore 
Chauncey's flotilla, and sailed up the lake to York, the 
capital of Upper Canada, now the flourishing city of To- 
ronto. The invaders landed, drove the enemy before them, 
carried two batteries, and were about entering the block- 
house, when the earth shook with an appalling explosion. 
The British had retired from the works, having first lighted 
a slow-match connected with their magazine. Stones and 
timbers filled the air, and the effect on the assailing column 
was terrible ; but York was taken, with some 300 prisoners, 
a vessel-of-war, and abundant stores. 

Gen. Pike was among those mortally injured. The 
cheers of his men fell on his ears as he lay dying. " What 
does it mean ? " he asked. " Victory," was the reply ; " the 
10 



218 madison's administration. [1813 

stars and stripes are going up." The captured British flag 
was placed beneath his head just as his breath was ceasing. 
There was a sad fulfilhnent of the wish he had expressed in 
a letter to his father a few days before : " If we are des- 
tined to fall, may my fall be like Wolfe's— to sleep in the 
arms of victory." 

Capture of Fort George. — The victorious army, re-en- 
forced, next proceeded to Fort George, near the mouth of 
the Niagara River (see Map, p. 224). The enemy hastily 
blew up their magazine, and evacuated not only this post, 
but also the whole line of the Niagara. About the same 
time, however, they ran over from Kingston, attacked Sack- 
ett's Harbor, now left feebly garrisoned, and succeeded in 
doing some damage before they were driven back to their 
ships by Gen. Brown. 

Attack on Fort Stephenson. — While Harrison Avas still 
waiting for re-enforcements, Proctor, having now 5,000 men 
under his command at Maiden, made a second attempt on 
Fort Meigs. Failing in an artifice by which he had hoped 
to draw out the garrison, he advanced against Fort Stephen- 
son, situated where Fremont, O., now stands (see Map, p. 
214). This post was commanded by Major Cro'ghan, a 
young Kentuckian, and the bravest of the brave. The 
British attempted to take the fort by storm ; but such good 
use did Croghan make of his solitary six-pounder that the 
assault resulted in a bloody repulse and disorderly retreat. 
Proctor withdrew his army the following night. 

Battle of Lake Erie. — Commodore Chauncey was master 
of Lake Ontario, but the command of Lake Erie belonged 
to the enemy. To wrest it from them, and thus clip Proc- 
tor's wings and aid in the recovery of Michigan, was the 
important service required of Captain Oliver H. Perry in 
the spring of 1813. Vessels had to be built, equipped, and 
manned. Perry pushed the work rapidly, and by the mid- 
dle of August was ready to exchange broadsides with his 



1813] 



BATTLE OF LAKE ERIE. 



219 



adversary. The British fleet was commanded by Commodore 
Barclay, one of Nelson's veterans ; it carried the most guns, 
but consisted of only six vessels to Perry's nine. 

The plan of the campaign having been arranged with 
Gen. Harrison, Commodore Perry manoeuvred to bring about 
an engagement, but for some time in vain. Proctor's In- 
dian allies became impatient, and Tecumseh was hardly sat- 




Pebey leaving his Flag-ship 



isiied \Mth the explana- 
tion that " the canoes of 
lis great father King 
George were not ready." 
The ni;cessity, however, 
of keeping open the com- 
munications by which supplies were received, at last drove 
the British fleet from its haven, and on the 10th of Septem- 
ber the long-expected battle took place. For two hours the 
enemy's fire was concentrated on Perry's flag-ship, which 
was riddled till it became almost a wreck ; his crew was dis- 
abled ; the issue of the fight seemed doubtful. Then a sud- 
den inspiration seized the American commander; he would 



220 madison's administkation. [1813 

transfer his broad pennant to another vessel which seemed 
uninjured, half a mile away. He performed the feat success- 
fully, standing erect in his boat, while a storm of grape-shot 
and musket-balls made the water boil around him. 

This movement decided the battle. Plunging through 
the enemy's line with his new flag-ship, he delivered deadly 
broadsides right and left. In a few minutes most of the 
hostile vessels had struck ; two tried to escape, but failed. 
The whole British fleet was captured. On the back of an 
old letter, four hours after the action began, the victor of 
Lake Erie wrote his famous dispatch to Gen. Harrison : 
" We have met the enemy, and they are ours ; two ships, 
two brigs, one schooner, and a sloop." 

Battle of the Thames. — The way to Canada was now 
open. In seventeen days, Harrison's army, embarked on 
the victorious and vanquished vessels, was on its way to 
Maiden. Proctor, taking counsel of his fears, had retreated, 
much to the disgust of Tecumseh, who compared his brother- 
general to " a fat dog, which, when affrighted, drojDS its tail 
between its legs and runs off." Harrison lost no time in 
giving chase, and on the 5th of October he came up with 
the enemy on the Thames River, about sixty miles north- 
east of Maiden (see Map, p. 214). 

The battle was soon over. A spirited charge of Colonel 
Johnson and his Kentuckians broke the British line, and the 
regulars immediately surrendered. The Indians for a time 
stood their ground ; but when they saw their great chief 
Tecumseh fall with a mortal wound, they broke into flight. 
Proctor had deserted liis men early in the battle, and within 
twenty-four hours had placed sixty miles between himself 
and the incensed Kentuckians. Some Canadian women near 
the battle-field, judging the American leaders by their own 
general, are said to have thrown their children into the 
Thames, to save them from being killed by the victors. 

Thus gloriously did the battle of the Thames vindicate 



1813] CREEK WAE. 221 

the honor of the American arms. The power of the hostile 
Indians was broken. Michigan was recovered. 

Creek War. — Meanwhile Tecumseh's appeals had not 
been lost upon the southern Indians. The Creeks dug up 
the tomahawk, and south-western Alabama became the scene 
of savage violence. A massacre at Fort Mimms, on the Ala- 
bama River, aroused the people of the neighboring states, 
and preparations were made for an invasion of the Creek 
country with several thousand men. Gen. Jackson, ably 
supported by Gen. Coffee, had the chief command. Jackson 
has already been mentioned as representative from Tennes- 
see ; the Indians knew him as "the Sharp Knife," and with 
good reason. Ai Tallushatchee, Tallade'ga, Autosee, Emuc- 
fau, and finally at the Great Horseshoe Bend of the Talla- 
poosa River, where in their " Beloved Ground" they believed 
themselves invincible, the Creeks were defeated, with such 
loss that the survivors gladly purchased peace by the cession 
of most of their territory. 

Renewed Invasion of Canada. — Dearborn's misfortune 
in losing 600 men, surrounded in the neighborhood of Fort 
George and obliged to surrender, led to his being super- 
seded by Gen. Wilkinson. In the fall of 1813, the latter 
undertook an expedition against Montreal. While he was 
descending the St. Lawrence, a sharp action with the enemy 
took place at Chrysler's Field (November 11th). But Wil- 
kinson was inefficient ; Gen. Wade Hampton, who was ex- 
pected to cooperate in the attack from Plattsburg, refused 
to do so ; and the expedition was abandoned. Fort George 
was evacuated and destroyed by the Americans toward the 
close of the year, the neighboring village of Newark having 
been first set on fire ; a wanton act, v^hich the British re- 
taliated by burning the towns on the New Yoi'k side of the 
^fiagara from Youngstown to Buffalo. 

Naval Operations. — Successes on the ocean were this 
year intermingled with reverses. Captain Lawrence, in the 



222 MADISOn's administration. [1813 

Hornet, took the British brig Peacock (February 24th), but 
shortly afterward lost the frigate Chesapeake in an engage- 
ment with the Shannon. His last words, as he was carried 
below with a mortal wound, " Don't give up the ship," Avere 
inscribed on the flag that Perry embalmed with glory on 
Lake Erie. The Argus had to strike her colors to a British 
sloop in the English Channel (August 14th) ; but, on the 
other hand, the American brig Enterprise captured the 
Boxer, and Commodore Porter, in the Essex, made prizes 
of a number of armed British whalers, during a successful 
cruise in the Pacific. The enemy's men-of-war blockaded 
the Atlantic coast more closely than in the preceding year. 
Their depredations gave much annoyance along the shores 
of the Chesapeake, and gained for them the name of " water 
Winnebagoes." 

OPERATIONS OF ISU. 

Peace Movements. — For some time the peace-party had 
been gaining strength, particularly in IJew England. An 
oJffer on the part of Russia to act as mediator had been 
accepted by the United States, but declined by Great 
Britain. When the latter, however, intimated her willing- 
ness to treat directly, commissioners were at once appointed 
by President Madison (January 14, 1814). iVmong these 
was Henry Clay, " the mill-boy of the Slashes," so called 
from a district of Virginia in which he was born. Already 
one of the great statesmen of the country. Clay had repre- 
sented Kentucky in Congress, and was Speaker of the lower 
House at the time of his appointment. 

Warlike Preparations. — The commissioners proceeded to 
Europe ; but both parties prepared none the less actively 
for the campaign of 1814. Congress made provision for in- 
creasing the army, and authorized a loan of 125,000,000. 
On the other hand, England sent over 14,000 additional 
troops. The abdication of Napoleon in April left her vet- 
erans who had been warring with France at liberty, and 



1814] NAYAL OPERATIONS. 223 

thus enabled her to assume the offensive at different points, 
as she could not do before. 

The American Congress at this time contained some of 
the ablest men of the nation. Among the ardent support- 
ers of the war was John C. Calhoun, of South Carolina. 
Daniel Webster, who had entered the House of Represent- 
atives as a federalist from New Hampshire, but was after- 
ward identified with Massachusetts, made his first speech in 
that bcdy in the summer of 1813. 

Naval Operations. — The close blockade of the coast by 
British cruisers made it difficult for the American men-of- 
war to leave port. Hence there were fewer naval battles, 
and in these victory declared alternately for either side. 
The Essex, which w^e left in the Pacific in the midst of a 
successful career, Avas attacked at Valparaiso {vahl-2^ah-ri' so) 
by two British vessels that had been seeking her, and had 
to haul down her colors, — " unfortunate, but not disgraced," 
as Commodore Porter wrote. The American brigs Rattle- 
snake and Syren met with a similar fate. To counterbal- 
ance these reverses, the Peacock captured the British brig 
Epervier (a-pare-ve-a^)^ and the Wasp made a prize of the 
Reindeer and sunk the A 'von. 

First Aggressive Movements. — The campaign was opened 
by the Americans. Late in March, Wilkinson with 4,000 
men attempted a second invasion of Canada. Attacking a 
stone mill which the British had made an outpost, he was 
easil}'- repulsed, and in chagrin at his defeat gave way to 
Gen. Jacob Brown, without having accomplished anything. 

The Niagara Frontier. — Brown, who had displayed vigi- 
lance and skill in repelling several British attacks along the 
St. Lawrence, commenced operations on the Niagara fron- 
tier. He was ably seconded by Gen. Scott, to whom for a 
time he left the command of the troops on their march west- 
ward, while he returned to Sackett's Harbor, now threatened 
by the British from Kingston. They, however, attacked Os- 



224 



MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION. 



[1814 



wego instead, took the fort, and then contented themselves 
with blockading Sackett's Harbor. 

Brown thereupon hastened to Buffalo, and carried the 
war into the enemy's country. July 3d, he crossed the Niag- 
ara ; Fort Erie displayed the 
white flag without striking a 
blow. Re - enforcements had 
been sent for its defence by 
Gen. Riall ; but on hearing of 
its surrender, they halted at 
the Chippewa River. Thither 
the Americans marched to 
meet them, and on the 5th of 
July the battle of Chippewa 
was fought. It resulted glo- 
riously to the American arms 
and added to the laurels of 
Gen. Scott. 

Lundy's Lane. — After the 
battle, the enemy retreated 
toward Lake Ontario. While 
Gen. Brown was waiting for 
the arrival of Commodore 
Chauncey's fleet to cooperate 
with him against Fort George, 
the British received re-enforce- 
ments from Kingston under 
Gen. Drummond, and marched 
up the Niagara to the neigh- 
borhood of the Falls, 4,500 
strong. Scott's brigade, numbering 1,200, sent out to 
threaten Fort George in ignorance of the enemy's move- 
ments, toward sunset on the 25th of July unexpectedly 
found itself confronted by the whole British army. 

Scott hesitated not to give battle. The main body came 




THE 

NIAGARA. 

FRONTIER. 



f\y^^^ 




1814] BATTLE OF LUNDY's LANE. 225 

up to his support ; and there, at Lundy's Lane, or Bridge- 
water, the roar of artillery drowning that of the great cat- 
aract, took place one of the hottest engagements of the war. 
The issue of the battle turned on the capture of a British 
battery posted on a hill. It was carried in gallant style, 
and held against repeated attempts to recapture it, by 
Colonel Miller, whose answer, " I will try, sir," when asked 
whether he could take it, has become proverbial. Near 
midnight the conflict terminated in a victory for the Amer- 
icans. Scott's praises were on every tongue. 

Generals Brown and Scott were so severely wounded that 
they had to be removed to the American side. Their suc- 
cessor in command, throwing away all the advantages that 
had been gained, withdrew his men to Fort Erie. Here they 
were besieged by the British, again re-enforced. A night- 
attack of the enemy was repulsed with severe loss, and a 
well-planned sortie on the ITth of September completed 
their discomfiture. Four days afterward, Drummond beat a 
hasty retreat to Chippewa. The approach of cold weather 
rendering further operations in that quarter impracticable, 
Fort Erie was blown up in November, and the American 
army recrossed the Niagara River. 

Battle of Lake Champlain.— In the summer of 1814, the 
British, having concentrated 14,000 men near the foot of 
Lake Champlain, undertook an invasion of the States, some, 
what on the plan of Burgoyne in 1777. There had been 
skirmishing throughout the season ; but when in August 
most of the American troops were transferred to the Niag- 
ara frontier, Gen. Prevost improved the opportunity to 
march upon Plattsburg (September 1-7). 

Here Gen. Macomb {md-kooni')^ in command of the 
Americans, had made all the preparation in his power for a 
vigorous defence ; but he had only 2,000 efficient men and 
lacked ordnance, while his works were still incomplete. 
Commodore McDonough had also strained every nerve to 



220 Madison's administration. [i814 

make ready for the British fleet, which was to act in con- 
junction with the army. His flag- ship was launched within 
forty days from the time that the trees used in its construc- 
tion were standing in the forest. Despite all his exertions, 
however, in the number of his vessels, guns, and men, he 
was inferior to the enemy. 

The British armj^, having reached Plattsburg, was there 
held in check by Macomb, who, strengthened by the brave 
militia of Vermont and New York, had taken a position on 
the south side of the Sar'anac River. But the fate of the 
expedition was to be decided on the water. On the 11th of 
September, the British flotilla drew near to Plattsburg, and 
McDonough joined battle, after having on the deck of his 
vessel invoked the blessing of God upon his cause. Two 
hours of terrible fighting resulted in a victory for the Amer- 
icans as signal as Perry's on Lake Erie. The British com- 
mander, who had boasted that with his flag-ship alone he 
could whip the whole Yankee fleet, was killed, and his entire 
squadron struck. While this glorious victory was being 
gained on the lake, the British army had made several at- 
tempts to drive Macomb from his position, but without suc- 
cess. Prevost became alarmed, and under the cover of night 
made a disorderly retreat, leaving behind his stores and 
wounded, besides 2,000 deserters. So ended his invasion of 
New York. 

British Descent on the Coast. — Simultaneously with Pre- 
vost's expedition, important movements were made by the 
British on the Atlantic coast. A fleet conveying an army of 
veterans arrived off Virginia in August, and there separated 
— one division ascending the Potomac and Patuxent, and 
the other sailing up Chesapeake Bay. Both Washington 
and Baltimore were threatened. Commodore Barney, who 
had been trying to check the depredations of the enemy on 
the Chesapeake, had to burn his little fleet in the Patuxent 
(see Map, p. 268), and tlien as the invaders, 5,000 strong. 



1814] BRITISH DESCENT ON THE COAST. 227 

moved up the river, retired before them with his 400 seamen. 
Gen. Winder {icine'der) had hastily collected what forces he 
could for the defence of the capital. He attempted to 
withstand the invaders at Bla'densburg, six miles north-east 
of Washington (August 24:th) ; but his raw militia soon 
gave way, and Barney's gallant sailors were too few to make 
any effectual resistance. That same evening the British 
general, Ross, entered Washington, whence the officials and 
many of the inhabitants had fled in dismay, and fired the 
Capitol, the president's house, the treasury-building, and the 
arsenal. After this wanton destruction of property, the in- 
vaders returned to their ships. The inefficiency displayed at 
Washington during these operations brought down a storm 
of public odium on the administration. The seaboard cities, 
exposed to like attacks, were greatly alarmed, and some of 
them made active preparations for defence. 

Attack on Baltimore. — The British next sailed to Balti- 
more, which city they particularly desired to punish in re- 
turn for the blows inflicted on their commerce by its fast- 
sailing " clippers." The attack was expected ; for days the 
citizens had been laboring on the defences, and 10,000 men 
were ready to meet the invaders. While part of the British 
fleet moved up the Patapsco to attack Fort McHenry, which 
commands the channel two miles from the city, the army 
landed at North Point, at the mouth of the river, twelve 
miles below (September 12th). 

On the march to Baltimore, a skirmish with some Amer- 
ican sharp-shooters took place, in which Gen. Ross was 
slain. The British, however, continued to advance, till they 
came within reach of the American artillery. A spirited ac- 
tion then ensued, which resulted in the Americans' falling 
back to a new position nearer their intrenchments. Here 
they awaited the enemy the following morning; but the 
enemy had little relish for continuing the attack. Their 
fleet had been so roughly handled at Fort McHenry that it 



228 



madison's administration. 



[1814 



was thought best to let Baltimore alone. The next night 
was dark and rainy, and under its cover tbey retreated to 
their shipping. 

It was during the bombardment of the fort that Francis 
S. Key, an anxious spectator of the battle from an Amer- 
ican vessel, uncertain in the darkness whether the stars and 
stripes still waved, composed " The Star-spangled Banner," 
the national song dear to every American. 

The South-west had not been overlooked in the enemy's 
plans for 1814. In September, a party of British and In- 
dians attacked the fort at the entrance of Mobile Bay, but 
were repulsed. They had been allowed to fit out their ex- 
pedition in the Spanish port of Pensacola ; and Gen. Jack- 
son, the hero of the Creek War, made reprisals by invading 
Florida with some mounted Tennesseans and taking the 
city just named. Thence he hastened to New Orleans, 
wdiere a panic prevailed in consequence of a threatened at- 
tack by the British army from the Chesapeake, re-enforced 
from Europe. 

Battle of New Orleans. — By his energetic measures, 
Jackson now showed the stuif of which he was made. The 
British having landed on a bayou communicating with Lake 

Borgne {bom) and ad- 
vanced to within nine 
miles of the cit}^, he fell 
upon them at night (De- 
cember 23d), and taught 
them that they had un- 
dertaken no easy task. 
His line of defence was 
four miles below the 
city. Here, with the 
deadly riflemen of the 
South-west, particular- 
ly his trusted Tennes- 




New Orleans and the Vicinity. 



1815] 



BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS. 



229 



seans, he repulsed a fierce attack of the enem}^ on the 28th 
of December, and on the 1st of January following responded 
■with telling effect to the heavy British batteries planted 
within a quarter of a mile of his works. 

A general assault on Jackson's line -was made on the 8th 
of January. In vain Wellington's veterans, led by Gen. 
Pakenham, second only to Wellington himself among the 
British military leaders, tried to scale the American breast- 
works ; they were mow^ed down by scores. There was no 
standing in the 
face of such a 
murderous fire. 
Pakenham fell ; 
nearly every offi- 
cer was disabled. 
The assailants, 
hopelessly defeat- 
ed, with a loss of 
two thousand men 
retreated to their 
boats. The Amer- 
icans lost but 27 in 
killed and wound- 
ed. Jackson was 
hailed by a grate- 
ful country as the 
saviour of New 
Orleans. 

Close of the War.^Meanwhile, on the 24th of Decem- 
ber, a treaty of peace between Great Britain and the United 
States had been signed at Ghent, in Belgium. The British 
commissioners, at first unreasonable in their demands, had 
lowered their tone after the defeats at Plattsburg and Balti- 
more. Though no concessions were made on the impress- 
ment question, the announcement of peace was received 




Equestrian Statue of Jackson, New Orleans. 



230 

with delight throughout the land, and the treaty was ratified 
by the Senate on the 18th of February. Party-feeling had 
all along run high against the war, and some uneasiness had 
been created in December by the assembling of delegates 
from the New England States at Hartford. It was feared 
that the Hartford Convention might take some action look- 
ing toward the restoration of peace to New England, with- 
out reference to the rest of the country ; but such appre- 
hensions were unfounded. 

After the War. — The war, of course, left the finances of 
the country in a deplorable state — the treasury exhausted, 
a heavy debt outstanding, specie scarce, and business de- 
pressed. As a relief-measure, Congress in 1816 chartered 
the Bank of the United States, the old national bank having 
ceased to exist five years before. This institution, with its 
various branches, provided the nation with a currency re- 
deemable in gold or silver. 

There remains to be chronicled under Madison's adminis- 
tration a brief war with Algiers, growing out of renewed 
depredations on American commerce. Decatur brought the 
pirates to terms, and made Tunis and Tripoli, also, pay for 
American vessels which the British had been allowed to take 
in their harbors. 

Indiana became a member of the Union in 1816. 



ABSTRACT OF THE PRINCIPAL EVENTS OF THE WAR 
OF 1812. 

Follow the directions given with the similar Abstract on p. 198. 
1812. War declared against Great Britain, June 18. Hull invades Cana- 
da, July 12. Capture of Mackinaw, July 17. Hull retreats, Aug. 
T, 8. Essex captures the Alert, Aug. 13. Massacre at Ft. Dear- 
born, Aug. 15. Hull's surrender, Aug. 16. Constitution takes 
the Guerriere, Aug, 19. Battle of Queenstown, Oct. 13. Wasp 
takes the Frolic, and is taken by the Poictiers, Oct. 18. Frigate 
United States takes the Macedonian, Oct. 25. Constitution takes 
the Java, Dec. 29. 



THE WAK OF 1812. 231 

1813. Battle of the Raisin River, Mich., and surrender of Winchester, 
Jan. 22. Hornet takes the Peacock, Feb. 24, Americans capt- 
ure York, Canada, Apr. 27. Siege of Ft. Meigs, May 1-9. Ameri- 
cans capture Ft. George, May 27. British descent on Saclcett's 
Harbor, May 29. Com, Porter's cruise on the Pacific. Shannon 
takes the Chesapeake, June 1. Attack on Ft, Stephenson, Aug. 2. 
Argus taken, Aug. 14. Massacre at Ft, Mimms, Ala., Aug, 30. 
Enterprise takes the Boxer, Sept. 5. Battle of Lake Erie, Sept. 

10. Battle of the Thames, Oct, 5. Battle of Tallushatchee, Nov. 
2. Battle of Talladega, Nov, 9, Battle of Chrysler's Field, Nov. 

11. Americans evacuate Ft. George, Dec. 10. British take Ft. 
Niagara, Dec. 19. 

1814. Battle of Emucfau, Ala., Jan. 22. Battle of Great Horseshoe 
Bend, March 27. U. S. frigate Essex taken, March 28. Wilkin- 
son's second invasion of Canada, March 30. Peacock takes the 
Epervier, Apr, 29, Wasp takes the Reindeer, June 28. Ameri- 
cans capture Ft, Erie, July 3, Battle of Chippewa, July 5. Bat- 
tle of Lundy's Lane, July 25. Assault on Ft. Erie repulsed, Aug. 
15. Battle of Bladensburg, Aug. 24. British burn public build- 
ings at Washington, Aug. 24. Wasp sinks the Avon, Sept, 1, 
Battle of Plattsburg, Sept, 11. Battle near Baltimore, Sept, 12, 
Bombardment of Ft, McHenry, Sept, 13. American sortie from 
Fort Erie, Sept, 17, British land near New Orleans, Dec, 22, 
Jackson's night-attack, Dec. 23. 

1815. Battle of N. 0., Jan. 8. American frigate President taken, Jan, 
15. "Old Ironsides" takes two British ships, Feb, 20, Hornet 
takes the Penguin, March 23. Peace proclaimed, Feb. 18. 



CHAPTER XXVII. 

AFTER THE WAR OF 1812. 

moxeoe's ADMINISTEATIOJ^", 1817-1825. 

James Monroe, of Virginia, succeeded Madison in the 
presidency on the 4th of March, 1817, and Daniel D. Tomp- 
kins, of New York, became vice-president. For his secre- 
tary of state Monroe selected John Quincy Adams, son of 



232 



MONEOE S ADMINISTRATION. 



[1817 



the second president, and, after the war, minister of the 
United States at the British court. 

Internal Improvements. — The importance of public im- 
provements for developing the western country was gener- 
ally recognized ; but there was a difference of opinion as to 
the propriety of the general government's engaging in such 
works. Appropriations, however, were made by Congress 
for constructing several military roads, and especially a 
great national highway over the Alleghanies. Nor did the 
individual states overlook the necessity of encouraging en- 
terprises for their own internal improvement. 

In works of this kind. New York took the lead. Through 
the efforts of De Witt Clinton, for several years her governor, 
the construction of a canal to connect the Great Lakes at 




FiKST Boat on tue Ekie Cakal. 

Buffalo with the Hudson at x\lbany, and thus virtually with 
the Atlantic seaboard, was undertaken by the state. The 
Erie Canal was 363 miles in length, crossed the Mohawk 
River twice, and cost nearly $8,000,000. When the first boat 
passed over it, there were great rejoicings, for it was felt 
that a new era of commercial prosperity was dawning on 



1819] PURCHASE OF FLORIDA. 233 

the state. The Erie Canal was begun and completed in the 
same years with Monroe's administration. 

A triumph in navigation, of a different kind, was also 
connected with this period. It was in 1819 that the first 
ocean-steamer, the Savannah, crossed the Atlantic. 

Florida. — On the borders of Georgia and Alabama, but 
in the Spanish territory of Florida, lived the Seminoles. 
The neio^hboring: American settlements across the line hav- 
ing suffered from the depredations of these Indians, Gen. 
Jackson was sent to restore security to the frontier (1817). 
The Seminoles were soon punished, but Jackson went further. 
Finding that the Indians had been incited by the Spanish 
and supplied with arms by two British traders, he summarily 
hanged the latter, and seized the Spanish forts at St. Mark's 
and Pensacola. 

Trouble seemed likely to follow from these acts, which 
were condemned by many even of Jackson's own country- 
men. But the representations made by Mr. Adams satisfied 
Great Britain ; and Spain was induced, not only to overlook 
the invasion of her territory, but also (1819) to cede the 
whole province to the United States, on the promise of the 
latter to pay claims of American citizens on the Spanish 
government amounting to $5,000,000. When Spain sur- 
rendered possession of Florida in 1821, it was organized 
into a territory ; and Gen. Jackson was made its first gov- 
ernor. 

Five New States were admitted during Monroe's adminis- 
tration : Mississippi, in 1817 ; Illinois, in 1818 ; Alabama, 
which had formed part of Mississippi Territory, in 1819 ; 
Maine, before embraced in Massachusetts, in 1820 ; and Mis- 
souri, set off from the Louisiana Purchase, in 1821. 

The admission of Missouri gave rise to angry debate 
as to whether she should come in as a free or slave state. 
The North demanded that slavery should be prohibited 
within her limits ; but her people desired slavery, and many 



234 monkoe's administration. [1821 

insisted that every state, on its admission, had the right to 
say whether it should be slave or free. After much dis- 
cussion the question was settled, chiefly through Clay's 
efforts, by the Missouri Compeomise, which remained in 
force till 1854. This bill provided that Missouri should 
come in as a slave state ; that states formed thereafter from 
territory south of 3G° 30', the latitude of Missouri's southern 
boundary, might be slave or free as they should decide for 
themselves on being admitted, but that north of that line 
the institution should not be allowed. 

The South American Republics. — The eloquence of Hen- 
ry Clay, "Kentucky's favorite son," also persuaded Con- 
gress to recognize the independence of the South American 
republics. Governed for many years, as we have seen, by 
Spanish viceroys and with no gentle hand, they had profited 
by the example of the United States, and thrown off the 
yoke of the mother-countr}^ We may with advantage 
glance for a moment at their history. 

The first colonies to revolt were Chili and Buenos Ayres 
{ho'nos a'i'iz) ; from the latter, Uruguay {oo-roo-(/ivi'), Para- 
guay {pah-rah-gici')^ and the Argentine {ar'j en-teen) Re- 
public, were ultimately formed. A similar movement hav- 
ing been made in the northern provinces, the republic of 
Colombia was established in 1819, with Simon Bolivar, just- 
ly called " the Liberator of South America," as its president.* 
From Colombia, Venezuela {ven-ez-ive'laJi) and Ecuador 
{eJc-wcih-dor') were afterward set off. Last of all, Peru took 
up arms, and with the aid of the Colombians drove out the 
Spaniards. Upper Peru became a separate republic in 1825, 
and was named Bolivia in honor of the pure-minded patriot 
who had devoted his life to securing the independence of the 
Spanish provinces — the Washington of South America. 

* It will be a profitable exercise for the student to copy the outline of 
South America from the Map on page 34, and, by comparing with a modern 
map, to mark in the boundaries of the countries here named. 



1822] THE SPANISH- AMERICAN REPUBLICS. 235 

Thus the whole continent south of the Isthmus enjoyed 
the blessings of a free government, except the colonies of 
Guiana, the barren Patagonia, and the empire of Brazil. 
Brazil, by a revolution in 1822, established its independence 
of Portugal, but retained its monarchical government. 

Central America became infected with the same spirit. 
In 1823, the five Spanish colonies composing it formed them- 
selves into a federal republic of independent states, which 
lasted sixteen years. Since the dissolution of this union, 
other confederations have been formed and dissolved ; the 
Central American republics now constitute separate states. 

Though the subsequent history of these Spanish- Amer- 
ican countries presents a painful record of assassinations, 
revolutions, and civil wars, yet their condition is better than 
it was under Spanish rule, and some of them have progressed 
rapidly in education and the industrial arts. This is espe- 
cially true of Chili and the Argentine Republic, to which 
European emigrants have been attracted. It was in connec- 
tion with the South American republics that the president 
put forth the famous Monroe Doctrine, that "the Amer- 
ican continents were thenceforth not to be considered as 
subjects for colonization by any European power." 

The last year of Monroe's prosperous administration was 
signalized by a visit from America's old and true friend, 
Lafayette, who had seen stirring times in France since he 
sheathed his sword after helping to secure American liberty. 
He made a tour through the countr}", and was everywhere 
honored as the nation's guest. 

Monroe had been elected for a second term with little 
opposition. At its close there were four candidates for the 
succession ; Gen. Jackson received the greatest number of 
votes, but not a majority, though John C. Calhoun of South 
Carolina was chosen vice-president. The election, therefore, 
devolved on the House of Representatives, which bestowed 
the presidency on John Quincy Adams of Massachusetts. 



236 JOHN QriNCY ADAMS. [l825 

ADMINISTRATION OF JOHN QUINCY ADAMS, 1825-29. 

John Quincy Adams was qualified for his high office by 
an extended experience in various official positions. Much 
of his life had been passed at European courts, as a boy 
with his father John Adams, and afterward as the representa- 
tive of his country in the Netherlands, Portugal, Prussia, 
Russia, and Great Britain. Henry Clay served throughout 
his term as secretary of state. 

Protective Tariff. — President Adams favored a high pro- 
tective tariff ; and, according to his views, in 1828 the duties 
on imported cotton and woollen goods and other manufact- 
ured articles were increased. This was of advantage to the 
North, largely engaged in manufacturing industry, because 
it prevented foreign goods from underselling those produced 
at home ; but it was violently opposed at the South, where 
the planters were made to pay just so much more for arti- 
cles of common use. At Charleston the flags were placed 
at half-mast Avhen it was announced that the bill had passed. 

National Bereavements. — The fiftieth anniversary of the 
declaration of independence, July 4, 1826, witnessed the 
death of two of the fathers of the republic — John Adams 
and Thomas Jefferson, the one at the ripe age of ninety, the 
other eighty-two. In 1828, New York suffered the loss of 
one to whom she may always point with pride — De Witt Clin- 
ton, already mentioned as the projector of the Erie Canal. 

Mr. Adams failed to obtain the presidency for a second 
term, and surrendered it to Gen. Jackson, who was elected 
his successor. Calhoun was continued in the vice-presi- 
dency. 

Jackson's administration, 1829-1837. 

Andrew Jackson was born in 1767, in the Waxhaw set- 
tlement, near the line that divides the two Carolinas. Re- 
moving to Nashville at the age of twentj'-one, he had become 
identified with Tennessee, and had deserved well of his coun- 



1829] jackson's administration. 237 

try in all the important trusts she had confided to his care. 
He was a man of inflexible will, and in his administration 
showed the same self-reliant energy that had saved New 
Orleans from the British. 

Jackson made Martin Van Buren, of New York, his 
secretary of state. He introduced the practice which has 
been followed by his successors, of removing officials of the 
opposite party and filling their places with those of the 
same political principles as himself. 

Nullification Troubles. — We learned that the tariff adopt- 
ed during the preceding administration was extremely dis- 
tasteful to the South ; a new one passed by Congress in 
1832 was still more so. In South Carolina the bill was 
declared unconstitutional, and it was resolved to prevent its 
enforcement in the port of Charleston by armed resistance 
or by withdrawing from the Union ; while in Congress the 
right of individual states to nullify acts of Congress was 
openly maintained. 

The leading Nullifiers were Hayne, of South Carolina, 
and John C. Calhoun, who had resigned the vice-presidency 
for a seat in the Senate that he might be heard on this im- 
portant question. Daniel Webster, expounding the Consti- 
tution on the other side, denied the right to nullify, and 
declared liberty and union one and inseparable. 

So strong was the feeling on this subject that the Union 
was threatened with dissolution ; but Jackson declared that 
it must and should be preserved, and ordered troops to 
Charleston, The Nullifiers then deferred their intended 
action, and the difficulty was finally settled by a compro- 
mise bill introduced by Clay, which provided for gradual 
reductions of the tariff extending through ten years. Clay's 
action alienated many of the tariff-men. He was warned 
that it would cost him the presidency ; "I would rather be 
right than be president," was his reply. 

Difficulties with the Indians disturbed Jackson's admin- 



238 



JACKSON S ADMINISTRATION. 



[1832 



istration not a little. In each case the exciting cause was 
the same — the encroachments of the whites, and the reluc- 
tance of the Indians to give up lands which they or their 
fathers had sold or ceded by treaty. First came 

Black Hawk's War. — Black Hawk was a chief of the 
Sacs and Foxes, who refused to leave his hunting-grounds 
on the Mississippi, though they had been bought by the 

United States some years 
before. The militia of 
Illinois were called out 
to protect the settlers 
who had purchased these 
lands, and Black Hawk 
retreated into what is 
now Iowa. In the spring 
of 1832, how^ever, he re- 
crossed the Mississippi ; 
and his followers, sepa- 
rating into squads, rav- 
aged the whole Rock 
River country (see Map). 
Gen. Scott was sent 
against them ; but at 
Chicago, the cholera, then epidemic and very fatal in the 
United States, broke out among his troops, and he was un- 
able to reach the scene of action. The Indians, however, 
were driven north to the Wisconsin River, defeated in two 
battles, and removed to a reservation near the present cajDi- 
tal of Iowa. Thither also in time went Black Hawk, who 
had been captured, and was convinced by a visit to the east- 
ern cities that resistance to the pale-faces was hopeless. 

The Cherokees. — Similar troubles arose in Georgia. 
There the Cherokees, 15,000 in number, had made advances 
in civilization and established a republic of their own. The 
general government ha,d agreed to buy the Cherokee lands 




Valley of tue Uppek Mississippi. 



1835] SEMINOLE WAR. 239 

for the state of Georgia and remove their occupants, but 
failed to do so ; and, Georgia having taken the matter into 
her own hands and passed laws oppressive to her Indian 
population, the Red Men appealed to the president for pro- 
tection. He, however, proposed moving the Cherokees be- 
yond the Mississippi ; and in 1834, to provide for this and 
similar cases. Congress set apart the Indian Territory* for 
the occupancy of such tribes east of the Mississippi as it 
might be desired to remove. 

The Cherokees did not want to go, and for some time 
were proof against both arguments and threats. At length, 
in 1837, the payment of 85,000,000 and the firm tone of Gen. 
Scott, who was charged with their removal, induced them to 
yield. 

The Seminole War, in Florida, was the most serious. 
It commenced in 1835 with massacres planned by the crafty 
chief Osceo'la, and was continued into the next administra- 
tion. At first the Indians gained some advantages, and car- 
ried desolation throughout the peninsula, the settlers being 
obliged to flee to the forts for safety. Even when larger 
armies were sent out, under such leaders as Scott and Tay- 
lor, afterward distinguished on the battle-fields of Mexico, it 
was hard to strike the Indians, who would retreat to their 
inaccessible everglades. The U. S. forces suffered much 
from exposure and sickness, but at length broke the powder 
of the Red Men in a hard-fought battle on Christmas-day, 
1837. Most of the surviving Seminoles were removed to In- 
dian Territory, as also were the Creeks, who had aided them. 

Jackson's Second Term. — Though Jackson had many politi- 
cal enemies, the people indorsed his administration, and re- 
elected him with Martin Van Buren as vice-president. Two 
exciting subjects engrossed public attention during Jack- 
son's second term : — 

* Indian Territory, and the location of the various tribes within its bor- 
ders, may be seen on the Map on page 26 L 



240 jackson's ADMINISTKATION. [1833 

First, bis opposition to the U. S. Bank. The charter of 
this institution expired in 1836 ; Jackson had vetoed a bill 
providing for its renewal, and in 1833 removed the public 
funds, which had been dej^osited in it, and placed them in 
state banks. The consequence was alarm and distress in the 
mercantile community. Strenuous efforts were made to in- 
duce " Old Hickory " to recede from his position ; but he 
stood firm, and confidence gradually revived in business 
circles. 

Second, his peremptory tone toward Fiance, which led 
that country to pay 15,000,000, due according to agreement, 
for injuries done to American commerce during Napoleon's 
wars. This decided course gained for the United States the 
respect of European powers. 

Political Matters. — We have now to mention only the 
admission of Arkansas as a state in 1836, that of Michigan 
the following year, and the election of Martin Van Buren as 
Jackson's successor. The supporters of Jackson and Van 
Buren, known as " Democrats," were the successors of the 
old republican party. The "Whigs," in whom the federal- 
ists had become merged, voted for Gen. Harrison. Richard 
M. Johnson, of Kentucky, was chosen vice-president by the 
Senate, there being no election to that office by the people. 

VAX bueen's administration, 1837-1841. 

Martin Van Buren was born at Kinderhook, N. Y., in 
1782, and was a lawyer by profession. Besides the official 
positions he has already been mentioned as holding, he had 
been a member of the U. S. Senate, governor of New York, 
and minister to Great Britain. 

A Business Revulsion, which brought ruin on thousands, 
occurred early in Van Buren's administration (1837). Specu- 
lation had been rampant, importations ruinously large ; busi- 
ness had been too much expanded, and an unsound credit- 
system prevailed. The banks were obliged to suspend specie 



1837] TAN BUREn's ADMINISTEATION. 241 

payments ; a commercial panic and failures to an enormous 
amount were the consequence. Congress in vain tried to 
relieve the country ; the recovery was slow. 

To prevent a recurrence of such evils and insure the 
safety of the public funds, Van Buren recommended his 
famous Sub-treasury scheme, which received the sanction of 
Congress in 1840. Since then the public money, in stead of 
being deposited in banks, has been kept in the Treasury at 
Washington, and in offices in the chief cities of the Union 
known as Sub-treasuries, under the custody of officers who 
give bonds for the faithful discharge of their trust. 

Insurrection in Canada. — Friendly relations with Great 
Britain were endangered in 1837 by an insurrection which 
broke out in Canada. The people of the United States 
sympathized with the movement, and some New Yorkers 
even went so far as to seize an island in the Niagara River 
for the purpose of aiding the insurgents. A neutrality-proc- 
lamation from the president, however, and prompt measures 
on the part of Gen. Wool, who was sent to the Niagara 
frontier, preserved the peace. Gen. Scott was equally suc- 
cessful in the north-east, where the disputed line between 
Maine and New Brunswick had also given rise to difficulties 
with Great Britain. 

Railroads. — Meanwhile the application of steam in the 
locomotive had wonderfully facilitated travelling and com- 
merce. George Stephenson, an ingenious English engineer, 
was the benefactor of the human race who first made the 
locomotive a practical success. His experiments covered 
several years, beginning with 1814. 

The first railroad in the United States, built in 1826, was 
used in carrying granite from the quarries at Quincy, Mass. ; 
the first locomotive was imported in 1829. The following 
year, a locomotive, the first successful one ever constructed 
in this country, was produced at Baltimore, and was used 
for the transportation of passengers on what is now the Bal- 
11 



242 



VAN BUEEN S ADMINISTRATION. 



1837 




timore and Ohio Rail- 
road. The same year, 
the Mohawk and Hud- 
son Railroad was be- 
gun between Albany 
and Schenectady, and 
in 1832 a load was 
drawn over it at the rate of thirty miles an hour. From 
this time roads multiplied rapidly ; and when the revulsion 
of 1837 occurred, more miles of railway were in operation 
in the United States than in any other country. Since 
then, of course, great improvements have been made. The 
simple engine and plain carriage originally used do not look 
much like the powerful locomotives and costly cars of the 
present daj'. 

HAREISON*S AND TYLEE's ADMINISTEATION, 1841-5. 

The Whigs successful. — The financial difficulties under 
which the country had labored being charged by many to 
the administration, Van Buren was not re-elected. The 
Whigs had nominated Gen. William H. Harrison, whose mili- 
tary services the country remembered with gratitude. Sec- 
ond on their ticket was John Tyler of Virginia, who had been 
governor of that state and also represented it in the U. S. 
Senate. The presidential campaign was an exciting one. 
I-.og cabins and hard-cider barrels figured largely in it, as 



I84i] tylek's administration. 243 

emblematical of Harrison's plain farmer-life in Ohio, and the 
song of " Tippecanoe and Tyler too " rang through the land. 
The Whig nominees were elected by a large majority. 

Tyler becomes President. — After selecting his cabinet, 
at the head of which was Daniel Webster, President Harri- 
son died, just one month after his inauguration. This melan- 
choly event devolved the presidency on Mr. Tyler. 

The first important question that arose under Tyler was 
the establishment of a U. S. Bank. The friends of such an 
institution, though defeated under Jackson, had never given 
up their favorite measure, and in 1841 they secured a ma- 
jority in Congress. Two bills, chartering a national bank, 
were successively passed, but they were both vetoed by the 
president. Tyler thus lost the support of his party. 

Internal Disturbances. — After the settlement of the boun- 
dary between Maine and New Brunswick by Webster and 
TiOrd Ashburton in 1842, friendly relations were maintained 
with foreign powers throughout Tyler's term, but disturb- 
ances occurred in some of the states. 

Dorr's Rebellion troubled Rhode Island in 1842. It 
grew out of the efforts of a portion of the people, calling 
themselves "the Suffrage Party," to change the old constitu- 
tion which had been in force for nearly two centuries, and 
make Thomas W. Dorr, one of their partisans, governor. 
Recourse was had to arms, and U. S. troops were called in 
before the outbreak was put down. 

Anti-rent difficulties arose in New York. The Van 
Rensselaers, who had for generations held a large tract in 
Rensselaer County, originally obtained under the old patroon 
arrangement (p. 54), had divided their lands into farms, 
which they had leased at nominal rates — a few bushels of 
wheat or fat fowls per year. Small as the rent was, the 
tenants, who had come to regard themselves as the rightful 
owners, refused to pay it and resisted legal processes. The 
disturbances spread to other counties, where lands were held 



244 tylek's administration. [i844 

on a like tenure. It was not till the militia were called out 
(1846) and some of the leading Anti-renters were taken and 
punished, that peace was restored. 

MoRiiox TROUBLES agitated Illinois. The Mormons, or 
"Latter-Day Saints," originated with Joseph Smith, who 
professed to have received a divine revelation in his " Book 
of Mormon." Their creed, allowing polygamy, or a plurality 
of wives, was not very moral, nor were their practices any 
more so ; therefore, when about 1,200 of them settled in 
Missouri, the Missourians drove them out. They crossed 
to Illinois, and there in 1840 founded the city of Nauvoo on 
the bank of the Mississippi. 

Various crimes were charged upon the Mormons, and 
collisions soon occurred with the authorities of Illinois. 
Smith and his brother were arrested, and while in jail killed 
by a mob. Popular feeling became so strong against the 
sect that they could not remain in Illinois, but migrated 
westward. They finally settled in Utah Territory, and built 
their capital and temple on the borders of Great Salt Lake. 
Here, under the leadership of Brigham Young and joined 
by immigrants from Europe as well as from the States, they 
have grown into a powerful community. *' Gentiles," as the 
Mormons call outsiders, attracted by the mineral riches of 
the territory, have lately helped to populate Utah, though 
their coming was at first discouraged. 

New States. — Florida became a state in 1845. Iowa, ad- 
mitted at the same time, did not enter the Union until the 
following year. 

The Annexation of Texas was provided for during Tyler's 
term. This event requires us to glance at what had taken 
place in Mexico since the beginning of the century. 

The oppression of Spanish officials led the Creoles, or 
native Mexicans, after the royal family of Spain had been 
dethroned by Napoleon, to make an effort for their inde- 
pendence. The first insurrectionary movement, begun in 



1844] 



TYLER S ADMINISTRATION. 



245 



1810, failed ; a second, in 1821, succeeded. Gen. Iturbide 
{e-toor' he-da), under whom the revolution was effected, hav- 
ing been proclaimed emperor and assumed arbitrary power, 
was finally put to death by those who favored a free gov- 
ernment ; and under Santa Anna and Victoria, who next 
rose to the head of affairs, a federal republic was formed. 
One by one, we have seen Spain lose all her possessions on 
the mainland of America : Louisiana, by cession to France ; 
Florida, by sale to the United States ; her South American 
provinces, Mexico, and Central America, by revolution. 
Cuba and Porto Rico are about all that remains to her of 
her once proud domain in the New World. 

Texas had been a province of Mexico, largely colonized 
by Americans. Oppressed by the government, the Texans 
had declared their independence, and had virtually estab- 
lished it after a hard struggle, closed in 1836 with the battle 
of San Jacinto. On this sanguinary field Santa Anna was 
signally defeated by Gen. Sam Houston (hew'stim), after- 
ward president of Texas and U. S. Senator. The American 
population of "the Lone Star* Republic," having rapidly 
increased, in 1844 desired to be admitted into the Union ; 
and, the people of the United States having plainly signified 
their wishes on the sub- "- f ^ ""^ * , 

ject, Texas was annexed 
in 1845. 

Election of Polk. —The 
annexation of Texas was 
made the issue at the 
presidential election of 
1844. The democrats, 

-"The "lone star," the em- 
blem of the republic, has, since 
her admission into the Union 

galaxy, been adopted as the de- * '""' |i''^li|i''l^|F^lj?'*il' 

vice on her state seal. State Seal of Texas. 




216 folk's administration. [1845 

with James K. Polk as their standard-bearer, declared in 
favor of that measure ; the whigs and their favorite leader, 
Henry Clay, opposed it. Polk was successful, and George 
M. Dallas, of Pennsylvania, was chosen vice-president. 

Magnetic Telegraph. — The proceedings of the conven- 
tion that nominated Mr. Polk were transmitted from Balti- 
more to Washington by the Magnetic Telegraph, the suc- 
cess of which was demonstrated by these first dispatches. 
For this great invention in its simplest practical working- 
form, the world is indebted to Samuel F. B. Morse, a native 
of Massachusetts ; it may be ranked among the crowning 
triumphs of human ingenuity. Telegraph-wires were soon 
threading the country in all directions, and now hand in 
hand with the railroad they unite the Atlantic with the Pa- 
cific. 

polk's administration, 1845-1849. 

James Knox Polk was a native of North Carolina, but a 
resident of Tennessee, of which state he had been governor. 
James Buchanan, of Pennsylvania, served as his secretary of 
state. 

War with Mexico resulted, as a matter of course, from 
the annexation of Texas, for the Mexican government had 
never recognized the independence of the latter. The old 
south-western boundary of Texas had been the Nueces 
{7ii(ia'ses) River, but the Texans had claimed to the Rio 
Grande {re'o gralin' da — great river ; see Map, p. 249) : and 
when the United States offered to adjust the boundary by 
negotiation, Mexico rejected the proposal with contempt. 
The U. S. government, therefore, directed Gen. Zachary Tay- 
lor, " old Rough and Ready," as he was nicknamed, here- 
tofore mentioned in connection with the Seminole War, to 
occupy the disputed territorj^ This he did with a small 
force, taking post at the mouth of the Rio Grande — a move- 
ment which Mexico accepted as a declaration of war. 

We must reserve the history of the Mexican War for 



1846] 



POLK S ADMINISTRATION. 



247 



another chapter. 
Meanwhile, in 
June, 1846, the 
North-west Boun- 
dary question, 
which had threat- 
ened to produce a 
rupture with Great 
Britain, was ami- 
cably settled. The 
49 th parallel of lat- 
itude and the Strait 
of San Juan de 
Fuca {sahn lohahn 
da foo'kah) were 
adopted as the di- 
viding line. 

REVIEW BY DATES. 

Continue the Chronological Eecord from page 192, according to the 
following hints. Let the topics be assigned in turn to different pupils, and 
treated exhaustively. 




Scene in Mexico. 



1781 (Four battles). 

" (Surrender). 
1*783 (Treaty). 
1787 (Rebellion). 

" (Constitution). 

1789 (First president). 

1790 (Gen. Harmer). 

1791 (Gen. St. Clair). 
" (Discovery). 

1792 (Invention). 
1794 (Gen. Wayne). 

" (Rebellion). 

1799 (Death). 

1800 (Capital). 
" (Treaty). 

1803 (War. Purchase.) 



1807 (Burr). 

" (Steamboat). 

1808 (Slave-trade). 

1811 (Battle). 

1812 (War. Surrender.) 
" (Land battle). 

" (Naval battles). 

1813 (Land battles). 
" (Naval battles). 

" (Indian camp'gn). 

1814 (Land battles). 
" (Naval battles), 
" (Convention). 

1815 (Laud battle). 
" (Naval battles). 
" (Peace). 



1817 (War. Canal.) 

1819 (Purchase). 

1821 (Compromise). 

1826 (Death). 

1830 (Locomotive). 

1832 (War). 

" (Epidemic). 

" (Nullification). 

1835 (War). 

1836 (Battle in Texas). 

1837 (Revulsion). 

" (Insurrection). 

1841 (Death). 

1842 (Boundary). 
" (Rebellion). 

1845 (Annexation). 



248 THE MEXICAN WAR. [l846 

CHAPTER XXVIII. 

THE MEXICAN WAR. 

In treating of the Mexican War, we may consider first 
the movements on the frontier under Gen. Taylor ; next, the 
operations in the north and west directed against Upper Cal- 
ifornia ; and, finally, the march upon the capital, which ended 
the contest. 

tayloe's campaign. 

Movements on the Rio Grande. — We left Gen. Taylor at 
the mouth of the Rio Grande, opposite Matamo'ras. Here 
Gen. Ampudia {ahm-poo' de-ah) by the middle of April, 
1846, had collected a large body of Mexicans, and soon 
afterward a reconnoitring party of Americans was cut off. 
The news awakened intense excitement in the United States ; 
and, when a call was made for 50,000 volunteers, four times 
that number offered. 

Gen. Taylor had left a garrison in charge of his supplies 
on the Gulf, twenty miles farther north, at Point Isabel'. 
The Mexicans beginning to swarm across the Rio Grande, 
there was danger of their getting in his rear and taking this 
post. So, leaving a few brave men to hold the fort he had 
erected, afterward called Fort Brown, he marched to Point 
Isabel' with his main body. The necessary arrangements 
for its defence having been made, he then set out with a 
provision-train on his return, and on reaching Palo Alto 
ipah'lo ahl'to)^ May 8, 1846, found a Mexican army nearly 
three times as large as his own drawn up across his path. 

There was a hard struggle, but Taylor was completely 
victorious. And so he was the following day, at Resaca de 
la Palma [ra-sah' kah da lah pahl'mah)^ where the defeated 
Mexicans again disputed his passage. It was here that Cap- 
tain May and his dragoons brilliantly charged up to the 



1846] 



CAPTUEE OF MONTEEEY. 



249 



muzzles of the enemy's guns, and made prisoner one of 
their generals in the act of applying a match. The Mexi- 
cans after their discomfiture fled in confusion across the Rio 
Grande, while Taylor 
reached his fort in 
safety, to the great 
relief of its defenders. 
Eight days' bombard- 
ment during his ab- 
sence had severely 
tried the mettle of 
the little garrison. 

Capture of Monte- 
rey. — Gen. Taylor 
now carried the war 
across the Rio 
Grande, taking Mata- 
moras, and one place 
after another, till he 
reached the fortified 
and well-garrisoned 
city of Monterey 
{mon-ta-ra'). This 
stronghold was car- 
ried by storm Sep- 
tember 23d, Worth, 
Quitman, Butler, and Taylor himself, animating their men to 
prodigies of valor. Saltillo {sahl-teel'yo) and Victoria were 
next occupied. At this juncture Taylor received orders to 
send the greater part of his troops to Gen. Scott, who was 
preparing for a campaign farther south, to fall back on Mon- 
terey, and merely hold the ground already gained. 

Buena Vista. — It was mortifying to Gen. Taylor to be 
thus stopped in his career of victory, but like a good soldier 
he obeyed. The flower of his forces, with many recruits 




Eastern Coast of Mkxico. 



250 THE MEXICAN WAR. [l84T 

whom Gen. Wool had been drilling into efficiency, were soon 
on their way to swell Scott's army. Santa Anna meanwhile 
had become president of the republic. Taylor and Wool 
now seemed to be at his mercy, and he hastened to crush 
them with 20,000 men. 

Taylor, however, was not the man to be crushed. In a 
narrow pass at Buena Vista {hioa'nah vees'tah) he awaited 
the approaching Mexicans, with about one-fourth of their 
number. All day the battle raged. In spite of their over- 
whelming numbers and persistent charges, the enemy were 
held in check by the artillery of the Americans, and finally 
they were driven from the field (February 23, 1847). Santa 
Anna withdrew during the night, abandoning his dead and 
wounded. Thus gloriously ended Taylor's campaign. The 
Rio Grande frontier was secured. 

OPERATIONS IX NORTHERN MEXICO. 

Kearny and Doniphan. — Simultaneously with Gen. Tay- 
lor's operations, important movements had been made for 
the purpose of reducing the northern provinces of Mexico. 
The U. S. " Army of the West," under Gen. S. W. Kearny 
(kar'^ie), started in June, 1846, from Fort Leavenworth, and 
after a march of 900 miles occupied Santa F6 {fa), the cap- 
ital of New Mexico. Here a new government was organized 
without opposition. 

Intelligence that California was already in the possession 
of his countrymen decided Kearny not to take his whole 
force thither ; so, pushing on himself to the Pacific coast 
with only a few cavalry -men, he left Colonel Don'iphan with 
the main body to overrun the country southward, and effect 
a junction with Taylor's army. The energetic Doniphan 
carried out his programme, and reached Saltillo in safety, 
after a march of a thousand miles through the heart of the 
enemy's country, and two victories over armies greatly out- 
numbering his own. Kearny, though in imminent danger 



1846] FREMONT IN CALIFORNIA. 251 

from overwhelming forces of Mexicans, accomplished his 
purpose with equal success, arriving in time to take part in 
the closing battle, which completed the establishment of 
American power in Upper California (January 8, 1847). 

Fremont, " tlie Pathfinder of the Rocky Mountains," had 
revolutionized California, and cooperating with Commodore 
Stockton, who opportunely appeared off the coast, had al- 
most subdued it, before Kearny arrived. He had been en- 
gaged in explorations in this quarter prior to the war, and, 
learning of hostile intentions on the part of the Mexican 
governor toward the American settlers on the Sacramento 
River, he had induced the latter to declare their indepen- 
dence. When news was received of the commencement of 
hostilities between the two countries, and that a U. S. fleet 
had arrived, the stars and stripes were substituted for the 
grizzly bear which adorned the flag of independent Califor- 
nia. The Mexicans, in their attempts to crush Fremont and 
his followers, had been repeatedly defeated, and after the 
battle in which Kearny took part gave up the contest. 



Capture of Vera Cruz.— Victory had thus far favored the 
American arms in every battle ; but it was felt that, to 
bring the Mexicans to terms, their capital must be taken, 
and this task was assigned to Gen. Winfield Scott, the vet- 
eran of Lundy's Lane. Assuming the chief command in 
Mexico, Gen. Scott, on the 12th of March, 1847, made a 
landing with 12,000 men at Vera Cruz (for the various places 
mentioned, see Map, p. 249). This city was defended by a 
castle of great strength, which had frowned on the waters 
of the Gulf for more than two centuries ; but both city and 
castle succumbed before Gen. Scott's guns. 

The March on the Capital. — Vera Cruz taken, Scott at 
once began his march into the interior. His route led him 
over the lofty Cordilleras, up steep ascents, and through 



252 



THE MEXICAN WAR. 



1847 







Gexeeal Scott at Vera Cruz. 



difficult passes which afforded every opportunity for defence, 
and which in some cases he was obliged to carry at the point 
of the bayonet ; but his march was one series of victories. 
We find him successively at Cerro {ser'ro) Gordo, routing 
Santa Anna, who fled in such haste as to leave his wooden 
leg behind — seizing the strong castle of Perote [pa-ro'ta) 
on a towering peak — and occupying the ancient city of 
Puebla {pweh'lah — May 15th). 

After a brief halt at this point. Gen. Scott, re-enforced, 
continued his march over a succession of table-lands toward 
the city of Mexico. Santa Anna had concentrated his forces 
in and about the capital, the approaches to which for a dis- 
tance of ten miles the Americans found defended by a chain 
of well-planned works. To take these required incredible 
exertions, but nothing could withstand the impetuous 
charges of the assailants. The struggle began on the 20th 
of August. The batteries at Contreras (Jw)i-tra' rahs\ the 
well-garrisoned post of San Antonio, the heights of Churu- 



1847] CAPTURE OF THE CAPITAL. 253 

busco (c/ioo-roo-boos'/vo), the strong position of Molino del 
Rey (mo-le'no del ra — klnrfs mill)^ and finally Chapultepec 
(chah-pooV ta-pek), "the monarch fortification of the valley 
of Mexico," were successively taken — Worth, Quitman, Pil- 
low, Twiggs, Shields, Pierce, Cadwallader, and Persifer 
Smith, vying with each other in gallantry. 

Mexico taken.— On the 14th of September, Gen. Scott 
made his triumphal entry into the Aztec cai)ita], after a cam- 
paign that has had few parallels in history. Santa Anna 
and the remnant of his army had fled from the city the pre- 
ceding night. The Mexican general made his escape to the 
West Indies, and those whom he left in authority were quite 
ready to give up the contest. A treaty was agreed on, and 
peace was proclaimed July 4, 1848. 

The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo {gwah-dah-loop' a he- 
dahl'go), which closed the war, provided that Mexico should 
make over to the United States California and New Mexico, 
as well as her claim to the disputed territory between the 
Nueces and the Rio Grande. The United States was to pay 
for the vast tract thus ceded 815,000,000, and to assume 
debts due from Mexico to American citizens to the amount 
of $3,500,000. The Gadsden purchase five years afterward 
secured to the United States another piece of northern Mex- 
ico, south of the Gila {he'lah) River. 

These acquisitions completed the territory of the United 
States as at present constituted, with the exception of Alas- 
ka, at the north-western extremity of the continent, bought 
from Russia in 1867 for $7,200,000. By referring to the 
Map on the next page, the student can see the extent 
of the country at the close of the Revolutionary War, the 
several tracts that have been subsequently added, and the 
names of the states that have been formed from them re- 
spectively. 

California. — The value of the territory first ceded by 
Mexico was little suspected at the time ; but in January, 




^' -< C T F J^ 



1848] folk's administration. 255 

1848, a discovery was made which startled the world, and 
showed that the United States had indeed gained a prize. 
In a bed of sand deposited by the waters of the American 
River, a tributary of the Sacramento, were found some glit- 
tering particles that proved to be gold. An abundance of 
the precious metal was soon discovered in the neighborhood. 
The excited people deserted their ranchos, and hastened to 
the favored spot with picks and pans. The news spread to 
the States, was borne over the Atlantic, crossed the Pacific 
to distant China, and attracted hundreds of emigrants from 
all lands to California. Within four years the population 
reached a quarter of a million. San Francisco, from a vil- 
lage of a few mean huts, assumed the proportions of a flour- 
ishing city. Gold was found in various quarters. In twenty 
years the yield amounted to $900,000,000. The supply is 
still unexhausted, averaging about 120,000,000 annually. 

Wisconsin was added to the Union in 1848, and the fol- 
lowing March Minnesota Territory was organized. Rail- 
roads were rapidly developing the West, and cities spring- 
ing up as if by magic. The Map on page 238 shows the 
situation of some of the states formed from the Louisiana 
Purchase, with a few of their principal cities and the dates 
at which they were founded. 

Political Matters. — An attempt to exclude slavery from 
territory that might be acquired by the w^ar, had been made 
as early as 1846. The Wilmot Proviso, so called from its 
proposer, had been rejected by Congress ; but a party was 
organized, under the name of " Free-Soilers," to support the 
principle it involved. They brought into the field, as their 
presidential candidate at the next election, Ex-President 
Van Buren. The democrats nominated Gen. Lewis Cass, 
U. S. senator from Michigan ; the whigs. Gen. Taylor, whose 
faithful services in Mexico gave him strong claims on the 
nation. Taylor was elected, and at the same time Millard 
Fillmore, of New York, became vice-president. 



256 EVENTS OF THE MEXICAN WAE. 

ABSTRACT OF THE PRINCIPAL EVUNTS OF THE 
MEXICAN WAR. 

Use as a review in the way heretofore directed. 

1846. Mexicans commence hostilities, capturing Captain Thornton, Apr. 26. 
Gen. Taylor defeats Gen. Arista {ah-rees' tah) at Palo Alto, May 8. 
Gen. Taylor defeats Gen. Arista at Resaca de la Palma, May 9. 
Fort Brown bombarded by Gen. Ampudia, May 2-9. 

Congress formally declares that war exists, May 11. 

Taylor takes possession of Matamoras, May 18. 

Revolutionary movements in California, July, August. 

Taylor takes Monterey from Ampudia, Sept. 24. [Dec. 25. 

Col. Doniphan defeats Gen. Ponce de Leon at Bracito {hrah-the to) 

1847. Battle of San Gabriel {saJm gah-brc-cl '), California, Jan. 8. 
Taylor defeats Santa Anna at Buena Vista, Feb. 23. 

Col. Doniphan defeats Gen. Trias [ire'ahs) at Sacramento, Feb. 28. 

Gen. Scott lands at Vera Cruz, March 9. 

Vera Cruz and the adjacent castle surrender to Scott, March 27. 

Scott defeats Santa Anna at Cerro Gordo, Apr. 18. [May 15. 

Scott takes Jalapa (hah-lah'pah), Apr. 19 ; Perote, Apr. 22 ; Puebla, 

Scott defeats Gen. Valencia at Contreras, Aug. 20. 

Scott defeats Santa Anna at Churubusco, Aug. 20. 

Worth takes San Antonio, Aug. 20. 

Worth defeats Gen. Alvarez {aid' vah-reth) at Molino del Rey, Sept. 8. 

Heights of Chapultepec carried by the Americans, Sept. 13. 

Americans enter the capital in triumph, Sept. 14. 

1848. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo signed, Feb. 2. 

Peace proclaimed in the United States by President Polk, July 4. 



CHAPTER XXIX. 

TAYLOR, FILLMORE, PIERCE, BUCHANAN. 

Taylor's administration, 1849-1850. 

President Taylor was a resident of Louisiana, though he 

had been born in Virginia and reared in Kentucky. He had 

never held any political position, but in his military career 

had, as we have seen, been eminently successful. John M. 



1849] TAYLOR'S ADMINISTRATION. 257 

Clayton, of Delaware, was appointed secretary of state. 
The vice-president was a New Yorker by birth and resi- 
dence. He had attained distinction at the bar, and served 
in Congress. 

Slavery Discussions. — During this administration, the 
Union w^as shaken to its centre by exciting discussions on 
questions connected with the territory recently acquired 
from Mexico. California, peopled with unexampled rapidity, 
asked to be admitted as a state, with a constitution prohibit- 
ing slavery. But part of its territory was south of the line 
fixed by the Missouri Compromise ; its admission as a free 
state would give the North a preponderance of votes in the 
Senate, and would be the signal, so the Southern leaders 
declared, for the disruption of the Union. Then it was that 
Henry Clay came forward a second time as the great peace- 
maker, advocating concession and forbearance with an elo- 
quence that melted every heart, and inducing Congress, after 
long debate, to pass a compromise bill that settled all the 
important points at issue. 

The Omnibus Bill, as it was called, provided that Califor- 
nia should be admitted as a free state ; that $10,000,000 
should be paid to Texas, in consideration of her giving up 
all claim to New Mexico ; that New Mexico and Utah, which 
had before been without governments, should be organized 
as territories w4th no restrictions as to slavery ; that the re- 
turn of fugitive slaves should be insured by a more rigorous 
law ; and that the slave-trade should be abolished in the 
District of Columbia. 

National Bereavements. — While the pulse of the nation 
was still beating high under the excitements of the slavery 
agitation, President Taylor died (July 9, 1850). Mr. Fill- 
more succeeded to the presidency, and Clayton gave way to 
Daniel Webster as secretary of state. 

Nor was the loss of the president the only affliction that 
tried the nation about this time. There had been three 



258 



THE LEADERS OF THE SENATE. 



[1850 




great statesmen acknowledged for years as lead^s, though 
never called by politicians to the highest office — Calhoun, 
the champion of states'-rights and Southern interests — Clay, 
the idol of the West — and Webster, the giant intellect of 
New England. Seldom has any deliberative body listened 
to eloquence that could rival the close and vehement reason- 
ing of Calhoun, the persuasive and infectious enthusiasm of 
Clay, or Webster's grand diction and trenchant arguments. 
One after another, these bright ornaments of the Senate 
passed away ; Calhoun shortly before the president's death. 
Clay and Webster during the succeeding administration, in 
1852. 

Fillmore's admixistration, 1850-1S53. 

Foreign Relations. — After Fillmore's signature to the 
Omnibus Bill had for a time settled the slavery question, his 
term was undisturbed, except by temporary troubles with 
Spain and Great Britain. 

In the former case, " filibusters " under Gen. Lopez, fitting 
out an expedition in the United States contrary to law, and 
making a descent on Cuba for the purpose of revolutionizing 
it, came near embroiling our government with Spain. Lopez 



1851] Fillmore's administration. 259 

was defeated and executed at Havana. Soon afterward. 



France and England, fearing that the United States had de- 
signs on Cuba, asked this country to unite with them in a 
*' tripartite treaty " guaranteeing the possession of that isl- 
and to Spain. Edward Everett, of Massachusetts, Webster's 
successor as secretary of state, while disavowing all inten- 
tion of infringing on the rights of Spain, declined to enter 
into any such agreement, and reiterated the Monroe doctrine 
in the most emphatic terms. 

The misunderstanding with Great Britain, having refer- 
ence to the right of fishing on the Banks of Newfoundland, 
was amicably settled by negotiation. 

When the time approached for another presidential elec- 
tion. Gen. Winfield Scott was put in nomination by the 
whigs ; Franklin Pierce, of New Hampshire, by the demo- 
crats. The latter, with William R. King, of Alabama, his 
fellow-candidate, was elected. 

Pierce's administration, 1853-1857. 

President Pierce had been a successful lawyer in his na- 
tive state, which he had represented in both houses of Con- 
gress, and had also acquitted himself creditably as a general 
in the Mexican War. He called William R. Marcy, of New 
York, to the first place in the cabinet. 

Foreign Relations. — Several important questions arose 
with foreign nations during this administration. First came 
a boundary-dispute with Mexico, which was settled by the 
Gadsden purchase already referred to. Next, a sharp dis- 
cussion took place with Austria as to the right of that coun- 
try to seize, in a neutral port, one of her subjects who had 
taken part in the Hungarian Revolution, but had subse- 
quently declared his intention of becoming an American 
citizen. The position taken by the United States, that the 
seizure was unlawful, was established, and the Hungarian in 
question was given up. 



260 riEECE's ADMINISTRATION. [l854 

The opening of Japan, before shut out from commercial 
relations with the rest of the world by its jealousy of for- 
eigners, was effected in 1854. A squadron under Commo- 
dore Perry, a brother of the hero of Lake Erie, having vis- 
ited the Japanese waters, the emperor was induced to sign a 
treaty by which Americans were allowed to trade at certain 
ports. The privilege was subsequently extended to other 
nations. 

Six years after, ambassadors bringing the treaty arrived 
in the United States. They were received as guests of the 
nation, and took back with them such impressions of the 
outer world, received during their tour, that since their re- 
turn Japan has laid aside its distrust of foreigners and seized 
with avidity on the improvements of other countries. It 
Has also communicated with the treaty-powers by subse- 
quent embassies, has sent over young men to be educated, 
has organized schools, has introduced steamboats, railroads, 
and telegraphs, and under the new order of things is making 
rapid progress. 

Sectional excitement was revived with greater violence 
than ever during Pierce's term. It arose from the introduc- 
tion of a bill into Congress by Senator Douglas, of Illinois, 
providing for the organization of a vast tract w^est of Mis- 
souri, Iowa, and Minnesota, into two territories, Kansas and 
Nebraska, which should be exempted from the operation of 
the Missouri Compromise, and allowed to come in as free or 
slave states according to the decision of their citizens at the 
time of their admission. This firebrand kindled anew the 
flame of sectional strife ; but the friends of " popular sov- 
ereignty," as it was called, had a majority in Congress, and 
in May, 1854, passed the bill. 

Then began a terrible struggle between the partisans 
and opponents of slavery to secure Kansas, by peopling it 
with settlers in sympathy with their respective views. On 
the one hand, antislavery men from the North-west and the 



1855] 



THE KANSAS STRUGGLE. 



261 



East flocked into 
the new territory ; 
and on the other, 
Southerners went 
in with their 
slaves, while Mis- 
sourians were 
c li a r g e d with 
crossing the bor- 
der by hundreds 
and controlling 
the elections. Two 
sets of territorial 
officers were 
chosen. Anarchy, 
civil war, and all 
their attendant 
evils, followed. 
For two years 

(1855-57) "bleed- Nebraska, Kansas, and Indian Teeeitoky. 

ing Kansas" thus suffered, unprotected by the general gov- 
ernment; but at last, in 1861, it was admitted as a free 
state, as was also Nebraska in 1867. 

Political AiFairs. — With Clay and Webster, the old whig 
party passed away. Some of its supporters, opposed to 
allowing too much influence in political matters to foreign- 
ers, joined the "American " party, which in 1856 nominated 
Mr. Fillmore for the presidency. The democrats, declaring 
for the extension of slavery wherever it found its way by 
the popular voice, named James Buchanan, of Pennsylvania, 
and John C. Breckinridge, of Kentucky, as their candidates. 
John C. Fremont was the standard-bearer of the Free-soilers, 
or Republicans, whose cardinal doctrine was the exclusion 
of slavery from the territories. Buchanan and Breckinridge 
were elected, and inaugurated March 4, 1857. 




262 Buchanan's administration. [i857 

Buchanan's administration, 1857-1801. 

President Buchanan, besides serving in both houses of 
Congress and as secretary of state under Polk, had repre- 
sented his country at the courts of St. Petersburg and Lon- 
don. He invited Gen. Lewis Cass, of Michigan, to the chief 
seat in the cabinet. 

Atlantic Telegraph. — Another of the great triumphs that 
mark the world's progress was achieved during Buchanan's 
administration. This was the completion of a submarine 
telegraph from Newfoundland to Ireland. Messages were 
received, and the feasibility of the enterprise was proved, 
though the line soon ceased to work. In 1866 another 
cable was successfully laid, and messages are now con- 
stantly transmitted across the ocean with rapidity and pre- 
cision. 

We have, besides, to record a general business depres- 
sion in the fall succeeding Buchanan's inauguration ; also, 
the admission of Minnesota into the sisterhood of states in 
1858, and Oregon in 1859. But the chief feature of this 
period was the continued agitation of the slavery question. 

The " Dred Scott " Decision of the U. S. Supreme Court, 
in 1857, that slaves could be carried by their owners into 
the territories or free states without thereby gaining their 
freedom, awakened violent feeling in the North, and led to 
the passage of " Personal Liberty Bills " in several of the 
states, to prevent the return of fugitive slaves. On the 
other hand, " John Broavn's Raid," in 1859, raised the blood 
of the southern people to fever-heat. 

This attempt to liberate the slaves by giving them an 
opportunity to rise, was undertaken by twenty-one men in- 
spired and headed by John Brown, who had figured as a 
prominent antislavery leader in Kansas. They succeeded 
in seizing the U. S. arsenal at Harper's Ferry, Va., on the 
Potomac, but were not supported as they had hoped to be, 



I860] SECESSION IN THE SOUTH. 263 

and were shortly overpowered by a force of U. S. marines. 
Except two who escaped, all that participated in the move- 
ment were either killed in the struggle, or taken and hanged; 
the latter fate was Brown's. These events arrayed section 
against section with a bitterness that party leaders and a 
partisan press inflamed almost to frenzy. 

Secession. — When, then, in 1860, Abraham Lincoln, of 
Illinois, the candidate of the republican party, was elected 
to the presidency (over Stephen A. Douglas, who was sup- 
ported by one wing of the democracy ; John C Breckin- 
ridge, representing the other ; and John Bell, of Tennessee, 
the nominee of the " Constitutional Union Party "), the 
southern leaders regarded it as a menace to slaver}^, and 
proceeded to break up the Union. Efforts at conciliation 
were made in Congress and out of it, by a Peace Conference, 
proposed constitutional amendments, etc., but in vain. A 
convention of the people of South Carolina, December 20, 
1860, declared the connection between that state and the 
Federal Union dissolved, and in the course of six weeks the 
example was followed by Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, 
Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas. 

The next steps were the withdrawal of the senators and 
representatives of the seceded states from Congress, and 
the formation at Montgomery, Ala. (February 4, 1861), of 
a union under the title of " the Confederate States of 
America." Jefferson Davis, of Mississippi, an able officer in 
the Mexican War, and subsequently a prominent defender 
of southern rights in the U. S. Senate, was chosen presi- 
dent, and Alexander H. Stephens, of Georgia, vice-president. 
The forts, navy-yards, and arsenals, in the seceded states, 
T7ith their contents, were seized ; and a detachment of U. S. 
troops in Texas was surrendered to the state authorities. 
Little was done to prevent these movements by Mr. Bu- 
chanan, who, on the 4th of March, 1861, gave up the presi- 
dential chair to his successor. 



264 THE CIVIL WAE. [I8GI 

REVIEW BY DATES. 

Continue the Chronological Record from page 24Y, according to the 
following suggestions. Use as a review in the manner heretofore directed. 

1846 (War). 1850 (Deaths). 1854 (Bill passed). 
" (Four battles). " (Cuba). *' (Japan). 

1847 (Eight battles). " (Bill passed). 1857 (Telegraph). 

" (Capital taken). 1852 (Deaths). 1859 (" Dred Scott "). 

1848 (Treaty). 1853 (Purchase). " (Raid). 

" (Discovery). " (Austria). i860 (South Carolina). 

3Iap, p. 254. — Bound the United States as constituted at the close of 
the Revolutionary War. What territory was organized in 1787 ? What 
states have been formed out of the Territory North-west of the Ohio, and 
in what years respectively ? From what did the Ohio River separate the 
Territory North-west of the Ohio ? AVhat states were formed out of the 
Territory South of the Ohio, and when ? Out of what were Mississippi 
and Alabama formed ? When and how was Florida obtained, and when 
did it become a state ? 

What was the largest tract obtained by the United States by purchase ? 
Describe the situation and extent of the Louisiana Purchase. What states 
have been formed from it ? What states have been formed from the Mexi- 
can Cession ? What territories ? What river separates the original Mexi- 
can Cession from the Gadsden Purchase ? What territories were formed in 
part from the Gadsden Purchase ? When did Minnesota become a state ? 
From what was it formed ? When did Colorado become a state ? From 
what was it formed ? 



CHAPTER XXX. 

THE CIVIL WAR, 1861-1865. 

President Lincoln was a self-made man. Born in Ken- 
tucky in 1809, and brought up in Indiana to farm-labor 
■which left him few opportunities for obtaining an education, 
he had finally settled in Illinois, studied law, and attained 
political eminence. He called Wm. H. Seward, of New York, 
to the department of state ; Salmon P. Chase, of Ohio, to 
the treasury ; and to the war department Simon Cameron, 



1861] FALL OF FORT SUMTER. 265 

of Pennsylvania, succeeded within a year by Edwin M. Stan- 
ton. Hannibal Hamlin, of Maine, was vice-president. 

Fall of Fort Sumter. — Of the national posts within the 
limits of the seceded states, President Lincoln found in pos- 
session of the government only Fort Pickens at Pensacola, 
the works at the Florida Keys, and Fort Sumter in Charles- 
ton harbor. The last-named post, held by Major Anderson 
with seventy-nine men, Buchanan had tried to re-enforce, but 
the vessel he sent had been turned back by Confederate bat- 
teries. Lincoln renewed the attempt, but with no better 
success. The Confederates, regarding the intention to sup- 
ply the fort by force as a declaration of war, summoned Major 
Anderson to surrender. He declined, and Gen. Beauregard 
{bo're-gard)^ who was in command of 6,000 Confederate 
volunteers that had gathered at Charleston, on the 12th of 
April commenced a furious bombardment. Major Anderson 
replied to the fire, but after thirty-four hours was obliged to 
give up the unequal contest and capitulate. 

The Consequences. — News of the fall of Sumter created 
intense excitement both north and south. President Lincoln 
at once called for 75,000 men, to serve for three months, and 
in the non-slaveholding states his appeal met with a hearty 
response. Not so, however, in the remaining southern mem- 
bers of the Union or the border states. Virginia formally 
seceded, April 17th ; and this step was immediatelj' followed 
by the seizure of the armory at Harper's Ferry and of the 
navy-yard at Norfolk. Arkansas, North Carolina, and Ten- 
nessee, were not long behind " the Old Dominion," making 
eleven states arrayed against the Federal government. 

The people of Maryland were divided in sentiment, some 
of the residents of Baltimore sympathizing so strongly with 
the Confederates that they assailed a body of Massachusetts 
troops passing through that city for the defence of Washing- 
ton (April 19th). The decided course of Captain (afterward 
General) Lyon, who commanded the U. S. arsenal at St. 
12 



266 



THE CIVIL WAK. 



[1861 



Louis, checked the secession movement in Missouri ; while 
Kentucky, though not taking part against the Union, re- 
fused at first to furnish troops for its support. 

OPERATIONS OF 1861. 

First Movements. — Immediately after the secession of 
Virginia, large bodies of southern troops were thrown up 
into that state, and Richmond was made the capital of the 
Confederacy. On the Union side, volunteers rapidly flocked 
in, and Gen. Scott assumed command. The authorities at 
Washington acted with promptness and energy. Steamers 
were bought, and fitted up as gunboats to blockade the 
southern ports. The government factories and founderies 
were driven to the utmost to produce arms and ordnance, 
particularly improved rifled cannon, the northern arsenals 




TuE Pakuott IUfled Gun. 

having been nearly emptied of their supplies during the pre- 
ceding administration. The president, beginning to appre- 
ciate the magnitude of the struggle that was at hand, called 
for additional men to serve during the war ; and Congress, 
summoned for an extra session, made ample appropriations 
for the expenses to be incurred. 



186l] EARLY BATTLES IN VIRGINIA. 267 

Operations in Virginia. — A large body of Federal troops 
having thus been brought into the field, forward movements 
were made in Virginia about the same time at several dif- 
ferent points. Gen. Butler, in command of Fortress Mon- 
roe, near the mouth of the James River (see Map, p. 273), 
sent out a detachment to surprise a Confederate post at Lit- 
tle Bethel ; but the attempt failed, and the troops, having 
gone on to Big Bethel, were there repulsed. 

Colonel Wallace was more successful in a dash which he 
made on Romney (June 11th) with a division of Gen. Patter- 
son's army, which had been in camp in Pennsylvania ; and 
shortly after the main body marched up the Shenandoah 
Valley, the Confederates retiring before them to Winchester. 
Farther west, decisive advantages were gained for the Union 
cause — by Gen. Morris, at Philippi ; * b}^ Gen. George B. 
McClellan, at Rich Mountain and Carrick's Ford ; by Gen. 
Rosecrans, at Carnifex Ferry ; by Gen. Kelly, near Rom- 
ney — and in subsequent minor engagements ; so that, by 
the end of the year. Federal authority was completely estab- 
lished in western Virginia. 

Bull Run. — The great battle of 1861, however, was to 
be fought nearer Washington. To prevent an advance of 
the Federal troops from the direction of this city, the Con- 
federates had concentrated their priwcipal force under Beau- 
regard near Manassas Junction, twenty-seven miles west of 
Alexandria. Gen. McDowell, sent to dislodge them, with a 
large army of volunteers, found them posted in force at Bull 
Run, and a desperate battle took place (July 21st). 

The Unionists at first had the advantage ; but Gen. Jo- 
seph E. Johnston, having withdrawn most of his army from 
Winchester without the knowledge of Patterson, who had 
been sent expressly to prevent him from joining Beaure- 
gard, reached the field just in time to turn the tide of bat- 

* The precise dates of the different battles will be found in the Abstract 
at the close of the chapter. ' ^ 



268 



BULL KUN. BALL S BLUFF. 



[I86I 



tie. Victory almost won was changed into a defeat, a panic, 
a rout, — which, according to official figures, cost the Fed- 
erals 2,952 men. By their success in this first great battle, 

the cause of the 




aged Scott desir- 
ing to transfer the 
responsibilities of 
his position to 
younger shoul- 
ders, Gen. Mc- 
Clellan, fresh 
from his suc- 
cesses in western 
Virginia, was in- 
trusted with the 
command of the 
Army of the Po- 
tomac. Regi- 

Seat of the Civil War in Virginia and the Vicinity. nients were hur- 
ried forward, and the Federals were soon sufficiently strong 
again to attempt aggressive movements. On the 21st of 
October, they met with a sanguinary defeat at Ball's Bluff, 
on the Potomac above Washington, but two months later 
were encouraged by an important advantage gained at 
Dranesville, Virginia. 

The Struggle in Missouri. — ISIeanwhile, though Missouri 
had determined to remain in the Union, her governor and 
some of the state troops had taken up arms for the Confed- 



Con federates 
was materially 
strengthened in 
the border states. 
Washington 
was now in dan- 



ger ; 



and. the 



1861 



OPERATIONS m MISSOURI. 



269 



I 7¥ 

-lANAPOLIS 



erate cause. The restraints of law were removed, and vio- 
lence ran riot throughout the state. Soon civil war com- 
menced in earnest, Gen. Lyon and Colonel Sigel (se'gel), on 
the part of the Union, making head as best they could 
against Gen. Price and his Missourians, supported by Mc- 
Culloch and a force from Arkansas and Texas. 

Victory, for the most part, sided with the Confederates. 
Gen. Lyon fell at the head of his men, in a severe action at 
Wilson's Creek, August 10th. This was followed, the next 
month, by the 
surrender of 
Colonel Mulli- 
gan and 2,G40 
national troops 
to Gen. Price 
and a superior 
force at Lex- 
ington. FinaU 
ly, in Novem- 
ber, a Union 
force from Cai- 
ro, Illinois, in 
an attack upon 
Belmont, on 
the Mississippi 

River, after driving back the Confederates and burning 
their camp, suffered heavy loss in making their way back to 
the landing-place. Gen. Fremont, who had charge of the 
department after Lyon's fall until November, could not pre- 
vent the Confederates from gaining possession of a great 
part of the state. 

Naval Operations. — Two important positions on the coast 
of Carolina were taken by naval expeditions fitted out by 
the national government in the latter part of the year ; the 
forts at Hatteras Inlet by Commodore Stringham and Gen. 




ALABAMA ' 



Battle-fields in the West. 



270 THE CIVIL WAR. [I86I 

Butler, and the fine harbor of Port Royal, with its defences, 
by Commodore Du Pont and Gen. Thomas W. Sherman. A 
blockade was maintained along the coast, but on dark 
nights fast-sailing craft would sometimes slip past the Fed- 
eral vessels, carrying out cargoes of cotton and bringing 
back much-needed supplies. Several Confederate priva- 
teers, also, got out upon the ocean, and inflicted great loss 
on northern commerce. 

An incident which occurred in November of this year 
came near involving the Federal government in war with 
Great Britain. Mason and Slidell, appointed Confederate 
ambassadors to England and France, had run the blockade, 
and at Havana embarked on the Trent, a British mail-vessel. 
Captain Wilkes, in the U. S. steamer San Jacinto, over- 
hauled them shortly after leaving port, took them off the 
Trent, and thus provoked from Great Britain loud com- 
plaints of the indignity offered to her flag and demands for 
reparation. The threatened coUision was avoided by a 
prompt disavowal of the seizure and the restoration of the 
prisoners. 

OPERATIONS OF 1862. 

The beginning of the year 1862 found not less than 
450,000 national troops in the field, nearly half of whom 
were under McClellan's command near Washington. While 
he was disciplining them into an eflficient army for a move- 
ment on the Confederate capital, important operations were 
going on elsewhere, with the view to a general invasion 
southward farther west, and the securing of important 
points on the coast as bases of operation and for the main- 
tenance of a more efficient blockade. 

Movements in the West. — Kentucky became the princi- 
pal battle-field early in the year. A decisive Union victory 
gained January 19th at Mill Springs, by Gen. George H. 
Thomas, freed the eastern part of the state from the Con- 
federates, while still more important successes were achieved 



1862] 



MOVEMENTS IN THE WEST. 



271 




GUNEOAT AND MoKTAU-BOAT. 



in the west. A fleet of gunboats and mortar-boats had 
been prepared during the winter at Cairo, 111. These, man- 
aged by Commodore Foote and acting in connection with a 
land-force under Gen. Ulysses S. Grant, in February effected 
the capture of Forts Henry and Donelson, situated respec- 
tively on the Tennessee and the Cumberland River, in north- 
western Tennessee (see Map, p. 269). The loss of these 
positions and the 10,000 men they contained obliged Gen. 
A. S. Johnston, the Confederate commander of the depart- 
ment, to retire to the south of the Tennessee River. 

Tennessee. — The Federal forces soon took Nashville, 
with valuable stores collected there. Pushing on to the 
south, they finally reached Pittsburg Landing on the Ten- 
nessee River, near the state-line. Here they were con- 
fronted by a large body of Confederates, under A. S. John- 
ston and Beauregard. While Grant, who commanded on 
the Union side, was waiting at this point for Gen. Buell to 
join him with re-enforcements, he was suddenly attacked by 
the Confederates, who captured one division of his army, 



272 THE CIVIL WAR. [l863 

and drove the rest with severe loss to the river, where the 
gunboats protected them (April 6th). 

During the night Buell came up, and the next day tlie 
Federals assumed the offensive, and in turn drove back the 
Confederates. These desperate encounters, generally called 
the battle of Shiloh, from Shiloh Church which stood near 
the landing, were attended with great loss of life ; they cost 
the national army in killed, wounded, and prisoners, nearly 
14,000 men — the Confederates, 10,700, including Gen. John- 
ston, who fell in the first day's fight. Gen. Halleck, who 
now assumed command of the Federal army, followed the 
Confederates across the state-line to Corinth, Miss. ; but 
without waiting for his attack at that point, they fell back 
still farther after destroying their magazines. 

Island No. 10. — When Kentucky was abandoned, the 
Confederate division that had occupied Columbus seized 
Island No. 10 in the Mississippi, with the view of controlling 
the navigation of that river. Gen. Pope with a land-force, 
and Commodore Foote with his flotilla, attacked them in 
this strong position, and made it untenable. On their at- 
tempting to withdraw, Pope intercepted them and took 
6,000 prisoners (April 8th). The river being now open, the 
Union fleet ran down to Fort Pillow (see Map, p. 269), 
which was evacuated by the enemy after a bombardment of 
several weeks, and the defeat of their gunboats and rams in 
the river. As the fruit of this success and another victory 
over the Confederate flotilla. Commodore Davis, on the 6th 
of June, took the important city of Memphis. 

Beyond the Mississippi, the Confederate troops had 
all this time been too hard pressed to succor their friends 
in the struggles just recounted. Gen. Curtis had driven 
them from Missouri ; and when, re-enforced, they made a 
stand at Pea Ridge, in the north-western corner of Arkansas, 
he inflicted a severe defeat upon them after three davs' 
hard fighting (March 6, 7, 8). 



18G3] 



THE MONITOR AND VIRGINIA. 



273 



8, 1862, was signalized by an 
ram Virginia on the Union fleet 
the destruction of the wooden 



Movements on the Atlantic Coast. — While the Union arms 
were thus generally crowned with success in the west, the 
Union flag was no less triumphant on the Atlantic coast. 
First came the capture of the Confederate post on Roanoke 
Island. This was accomplished, February 8th, by an expe- 
dition from Fortress Monroe, under Gen. Ambrose E. Burn- 
side and Commodore Goldsborough. The capture of New- 
bern and Beaufort (bu'/ot't), and the works that defended 
them, speedily followed. Somewhat later Fort Pulaski was 
reduced by bombardment, and Savannah was thus sealed 
against blockade-runners. Similar successes were gained on 
the Florida coast. 

The Monitor. — March 
attack of the Confederate 
in Hampton Roads, and 
frigates Cumberland 
and Congress with a 
number of their men. 
The Virginia was built 
on the hull of the U. 
S. frigate Merrimac, 
which had been sunk 
at Norfolk when the 
war began. Ordinary 
projectiles made no 
impression on her pon- 
derous iron-plated sides, and the utmost consternation pre- 
vailed lest, after finishing her work of destruction in the 
Roads, she should run out to sea and commit havoc among 
the shipping in northern ports. 

But that same night the Monitor, an iron vessel with a 
revolving turret, built by Er 'lesson and commanded by Cap- 
tain Worden (wu/den), reached Fortress Monroe. When 
the next morning the Virginia steamed out of Norfolk, to 
renew the work of the preceding day, the little Monitor 




274 



THE CIVIL WAK. 



[l8C2 



boldly engaged her, and so damaged the formidable iron-clad 
in a five-hour engagement that she withdrew once more to 
Norfolk. Government at once showed its appreciation of 
the Monitor's efficiency by ordering several other floating 
batteries of the same pattern. 

Capture of New Orleans. — The severest loss experienced 
by the Confederates at this time was that of the commercial 
metropolis of the south-west, New Orleans. It was taken 
on the 25th of April by a fleet under Admiral Far'ragut and 
a land-force under Gen. B. F. Butler. The admiral ran past 
Forts St. Philip and Jackson below the city (Map, p. 228), 
and these defences surrendered to Commodore Porter's mor- 
tar-boats three days afterward. Gen. Butler took command 
in New Orleans, and the fleet proceeded up the river to re- 
duce other places on its banks. 

McClellan's PeninsiQar Campaign. — All winter the troops 
under McClellan had been employed in no active service ex- 
cept picket-duty, though *' On to Richmond ! " had for some 

time been the popular 
cry at the north. But 
before the 1st of April, 
the Confederates having 
been defeated at Win- 
chester March 23d, and 
having fallen back from 
Manassas to a new line 
of defence on the Rap- 
pahannock, the Army of 
the Potomac was in mo- 
tion. It was carried by 
water from Alexandria to Fortress Monroe, and from the 
latter point marched up the peninsula between the James 
and the York, this route having been selected on account of 
the facilities afl'orded by the rivers for the transportation of 
supplies. 




Picket-duty, 



1862] McCLELLAn's PENINSULAR CAMPAIGN. 275 

The Confederates, to whom the gaining of time for the 
completion of their defences about Richmond was all-im- 
portant, resisted the advance of the Union army at York- 
town, and again at Williamsburg, but were obliged to give 
way. Steadily pressing on, McClellan by the close of May 
found himself but seven miles from Richmond. About that 
city Gen. Joseph E. Johnston had concentrated his forces. 
Norfolk, being thus left undefended, was occupied by Gen. 
Wool with a force from Fortress Monroe ; and, the Confed- 
erates having blown up their ram Virginia, the James River 
was opened to the Federal fleet as far as Drewry's BlufP, 
eight miles from Richmond, where the gunboats were driven 
back by powerful batteries. 

McClellan had expected to be joined by another corps 
from Washington, on his march to Richmond. The success- 
ful movements, however, made in the Shenandoah Valley 
by Generals Ewell and Jackson (familiarly called " Stonewall 
Jackson " from his having stood with his men as firm as a 
stone-wall, in the battle of Bull Run) had obliged the presi- 
dent to retain the expected re-enforcements for the defence 
of the capital. Thus left to his own resources and with his 
ranks thinned by the malaria of the Chickahominy Swamps, 
McClellan was attacked at Fair Oaks, May 31st. The Con- 
federates were repulsed ; and Gen. Johnston, having been 
wounded, was succeeded in command by Gen. Robert E. 
Lee, son of the " Light-horse Harry " whose exploits have 
been related in the history of the Revolution. 

Notwithstanding the advantage gained at Fair Oaks, the 
situation of the Federal army was becoming critical. Jack- 
son having joined Lee, McClellan found it necessary to 
change his base to the James River, where his communications 
would be protected by the gunboats. On commencing this 
movement, he was furiously attacked by the Confederates, 
and for seven days, from June 25th to July 1st, there was 
almost continuous fighting. Mechanicsville, Gaines's Mill, 



276 



THE CIVIL WAR. 



[18C2 




Berni 
_llun.lred 



Savage's Station, White -Oak Swamp, and Charles City 
Cross Roads, were successively the scenes of bloody battles ; 

not till the Union army 
reached Malvern Hill 
(July 1) was the Con- 
federate pursuit stopped. 
After this terrible or- 
deal, McClellan's men 
found rest and safety at 
Harrison's Landing, on 
the James. 

Lee's First Invasion. 
— Richmond being safe, 
Lee now assumed the 
offensive, pushing rap- 
idly to the north. His 
advance was first resist- 
ed at Cedar Mountain 
(see Map, p. 268) ; but 
Gen. Pope, in command of the forces that had been gath- 
ered for the defence of Washington, was driven back from 
one position to another, delaying his assailants, but unable 
to hold them in check. 

The Union army suffered heavily a second time at Bull 
Run, and again at Chantilly, where Generals Stevens and 
Philip Kearney fell. By stubbornly disputing the way, 
Pope gained time for McClellan's army, which had been sent 
for with all speed, to reach the scene of action. Thus Wash- 
ington was saved. Meanwhile 000,000 more men had been 
called for by the president. 

Lee now crossed the Potomac into Maryland. Early in 
September, Frederick and Hagerstown were occupied ; but 
McClellan, wlio had superseded Pope, was not far behind, 
and on the 14th Lee had to give him battle at South Moun- 
tain. The Confederate arms here met with a reverse, but it 



Battle-fields neak Eicilmond. 



18G2 



BATTLE OF FKEDEKICKSBUKG. 



277 



was counterbalanced the next day by the capture of Har- 
per's Ferry and 11,600 men by Stonewall Jackson. On the 
17th another great battle was fought, at Antietam {an-te'- 
tam) Creek. McClellan was the victor, but the loss on both 
sides was severe, and Lee was allowed to recross the Poto- 
mac unmolested. 

Burnside's Campaign. — In November, Gen. Burnside was 
appointed to the command in Virginia in McClellan's place. 
He resolved on an advance to Richmond from the north, and 




Constructing a Pontoon-Bridge. 

soon had his army on the bank of the Rappahannock, oppo- 
site Fredericksburg. Lee promptly appeared on the other 
side, and, before Burnside could bridge the river with pon- 
toons, he had the heights back of the city strongly fortified. 
Burnside crossed and made desperate efforts to carry Lee's 
position ; but it was in vain, and the national army recrossed 
the Rappahannock, diminished by 12,000 men. The capture 
of Richmond seemed as far off as ever. 



278 THE CIVIL WAR. [l862 

Western Movements. — The Confederates had not given 
up Kentucky. Two armies, commanded respectively by 
Generals Kirby Smith and Bragg, entered the state, and de- 
feating the Union forces at Richmond and Munfordsville 
(see Map, p. 2G9), threatened Cincinnati and Louisville. 
Gen. Lewis Wallace saved the former city ; Gen. Buell, 
though slow in his movements, the latter. In October, Buell 
engaged the Confederates at Perryville, Kj., with success, 
and Bragg fell back across the state-line. At the close of 
the year, one of the most obstinate actions of the war took 
place between Bragg and Gen. Rosecrans, by whom Buell 
had been superseded, at Murfreesboro, Tenn., resulting Jan- 
uary 3, 1863, in a Union victory. Rosecrans had previous- 
ly defeated a Confederate army under Gen. Price at lu'ka, 
in the north-east corner of Mississippi, and repulsed Gen- 
erals Price and Van Dorn from Corinth. 

Financial Measures. — The war was costing a million and 
a quarter dollars a day. To meet this great expense, Con- 
gress imposed heavy taxes and duties, and authorized the 
issue of bonds bearing six per cent, interest, and "green- 
backs," or government notes, which were made a legal ten- 
der. The general derangement of finances obliged the banks 
to suspend specie payments, and a paper dollar ceased to be 
worth its face in gold or silver. At one time during the 
war, $100 in gold was equal to $298 in greenbacks. 

OPERATIONS OF 1863. 

Emancipation Proclamation.— January 1, 18G3, was sig- 
nalized by a proclamation of the president, abolishing slavery 
in all parts of the seceded states not held by the Federal 
government. This was done by the authority of Congress, 
and according to notice given a hundred days before. 

Hooker's Campaign. — On the 20th of .January, Gen. Burn- 
side surrendered the command of the Army of the Potomac 
to Gen. Joseph Hooker, who took the field in May. A ter- 



1863] 



lee's second invasion. 



'9 




R OBER T^ 



rible conflict at Chancellorsville (see MajD, p. 2G8), in which 
the Federal loss in 
killed and wounded 
amounted to 11,000 
men, obliged Gen. 
Hooker to retreat to 
the other side of the 
Rappahannock. This 
battle cost the Con- 
federates their val- 
ued general Stone- 
wall Jackson; while 
riding to the rear of 
his division, he ^vas 
shot by his own men, who mistook his party in the darkness 
for Federal cavalry. 

Lee's Second Invasion. — His success at Chancellorsville 
encouraged Lee to attempt a second invasion of Maryland. 
He was soon across the Potomac, and this time advanced 
into Pennsylvania. Chambersburg and York (see Map, p. 
268) w^ere successively taken ; but before he could reach 
Harrisburg, it was necessary to collect his forces to face 
Gen. Meade, who had succeeded Hooker and was following 
closely on his track. 

The hostile armies met at Gettysburg, July lst-3d. Vic- 
tor}' at first inclined to the Confederate side, but finally de- 
clared decisively in favor of the Union arms. Lee retreated 
across the Potomac, leaving many prisoners in the hands of 
his pursuers. Both sides lost heavily on the obstinately con- 
tested field of Gettysburg. 

Grant's Campaign in Mississippi. — At the close of 1862 
an attempt had been made to open the Mississippi by the 
capture of Vicksburg, which was strongly fortified and held 
by the Confederates. The attempt had failed, and while 
Gen. Grant was bringing down more troops from Memphis 



280 



THE CIVIL WAR. 



[1863 



to renew it, Gen. McClernand improved the time to capture 
Arkansas Post on the Arkansas River, with its garrison of 
5,000 men. The fleet and army then returned to the Missis- 
sippi, and effected a junction with Grant's command. 

Marching* his land-force to a point below Vicksburg and 
making his gunboats run the gantlet of the Confederate 
batteries by night, Grant soon had his army across the river 
in the neighborhood of Grand Gulf, which place, after a 
defeat near Port Gibson, the Confederates evacuated. Then 

followed from May 12th to 17th 
a series of victories for ,the Fed- 
eral army — at Raymond, Jack- 
son, Champion's Hill, and Big 
Black River Bridge. Vicksburg 
was next invested. Its garrison, 
30,000 strong, under Gen. Pem- 
berton, held out till the 4:th of 
July ; but on that day, all hope 
of aid as well as the supplies of 
the city having failed, they were 
obliged to surrender. Port Hud- 
son, in Louisiana, with more than 
6,000 men, fell into the hands of 
Gen. Banks a few days later. 
Thus the Mississippi was opened 
throughout its length. 
Meanwhile, in the w^aters of Georgia, the Confederate 
privateer Nashville had been destroyed by the Montauk,' 
and the ram Atlanta had struck to the Weehawken. The 
loyal counties in the west of the " Old Dominion " had also 
been admitted as a new state, under the name of West Vir- 
ginia. 

The Draft. — Volunteers not offering as freely as was 
desired to recruit the national army, by authority of Con- 
gress a draft was resorted to ; that is, from the whole num- 




"VlCKSBUKG 



AND ADJACENT BATTLE- 
FIELDS. 



1863] THE DEAFT IN NEW YOKK. 281 

ber of able-bodied citizens between the ages of twenty and 
forty-five a certain number were drawn by lot, who were 
obliged either to serve in person or to provide substitutes. 
The drawing in New York City was the signal for a serious 
riot. A mob, swelled by thieves and ruffians, had control of 
the city for three days (July 13-16), the police being unable 
to cope with them alone, and the military having not yet 
returned from Pennsylvania, to which state they had gone 
to assist in its defence. After a number of houses had been 
burned, and several hundred lives destroyed, a sufficient 
force was gathered to restore order. 

Raids had been carried on from time to time by cavalry 
parties on both sides, making a dash through or around the 
hostile lines, for the purpose of severing railroad connec- 
tions, destroying stores, striking isolated detachments, etc. 
On the Union side. Gen. Mitchell in northern Alabama, Gen. 
Stoneman and Colonel Kilpatrick in Virginia, and Colonel 
Grierson in Mississippi, had particularly distinguished them- 
selves in these expeditions. Gen. Stuart, on the part of the 
Confederates, had been equally successful in Pennsylvania. 
In June, Gen. Morgan, with 2,500 Confederates, crossing 
from Kentucky into Indiana and following the Ohio River 
eastward, did considerable damage, until he was defeated 
and captured near New Lisbon. 

Movements in Carolina. — Desiring to regain some of the 
ground they had lost in Carolina, the Confederates in March 
attacked Newbern, but were repulsed. About the same 
time, the Federal iron-clads made an aggressive movement 
in Charleston harbor, but were roughly handled by the Con- 
federate batteries, so that a strong land-force under Gen. 
Gillmore was sent to cooperate with them. In seven dc»ys. 
Fort Sumter was battered to ruins by Gillmore's breaching- 
guns ; the works on Morris Island were taken shortly after ; 
and a fire, destructive though maintained at a distance of 
four miles, was opened on Charleston itself. Many of the 



282 THE CIV'IL WAK. [l863 

inhabitants Lad withdrawn from the city, but it was still 
guarded by a vigilant garrison. 

Tennessee became an important theatre of war in the 
early autumn. Rosecrans, by a series of skillful move- 
ments, obliged Bragg to fall back to north-western Georgia. 
Here he was largely re-enforced, and turning on the Federal 
army attacked it furiously at Ciiickamauga Creek, Septem- 
ber 19th. The steadiness of Gen. Thomas's division saved 
the Union army from rout, but it was defeated with a loss 
of nearly 17,000 men. Collected at Chattanooga, with its 
line of communications severed, its situation was critical 
till Gen. Hooker, arriving with two corps from the Army of 
the Potomac, opened the Tennessee River. Gen. Grant, 
with a large force from Vicksburg, soon after reached the 
scene of action and assumed command. 

On the 24th of November a battle took place on Look- 
out Mountain, at such a height that the clouds at times 
concealed the combatants from the view of those below. 
Hooker and his men were here completely successful, and 
the following day the Confederates were driven also from 
Missionary Ridge. Bragg had to retreat, and Gen. Sher- 
man hastened to raise the siege of Knoxville, in East Ten- 
nessee, where Burnside and a Federal division were hard 
pressed by Gen. Longstreet. In this he succeeded, and 
Longstreet rejoined Lee with his command. 

Throughout much of the year, Mississippi and Arkansas 
were harassed by the march of contending armies and by 
guerrilla warfare. In all the important engagements the 
Unionists were successful, and Federal authority was restored 
in the greater part of both states. 

OPERATIONS OF 1864. 

Red River Expedition. — Passing over an expedition of 
Gen. Sherman east from Vicksburg, which was unproductive 
of important results on account of the inability of a cavalry- 



18G4] KED RIVEK EXPEDITION^. 283 

force from Memphis to effect a junction witli liini, the first 
undertaking of the year wortliy of notice was Banks's Red 
River Expedition. A strong land-force and Porter's gun- 
boats participated in it ; its object was to open north-western 
Louisiana. 

Fort de Russy was taken ; Alexandria and Natchitoches 
were successively occupied ; but, in advancing from the lat- 
ter town, the army, deprived of the support of the gunboats, 
met the Confederates in strong force at Sabine Cross Roads. 
The battle at this point terminated in disaster to the Feder- 
als ; and, though on the following day the assailants were 
repulsed at Pleasant Hill, the expedition had to be aban- 
doned. The river having fallen, the gunboats found it hard 
to get back ; but, by the construction of a dam below, the 
water was raised sufficiently for them to pass over the rapids. 
The Red River Expedition Avas thus a failure. 

We have next to notice the capture of several Federal 
posts, among which were Fort Pillow, Tenn., and Plymouth, 
N. C. 

Sherman's Advance on Atlanta. — Early in the year, Grant 
was raised to the highest rank knov/n to the service of the 
United States, that of Lieutenant-General, which after 
Scott's decease no one had held. Making his headquarters 
with the Army of the Potomac, with which he proposed 
at once to move on Richmond, he intrusted the 100,000 
men at Chattanooga to Gen. Sherman, with directions to 
advance on Atlanta. Gen. Sherman lost no time in obey- 
ing, and by a series of able movements, now Hanking the 
Confederates and now giving them battle (at Resaca, Dallas, 
Kenesaw Mountain, and before Atlanta — see Map, p. 288), 
on the 2d of September he gained possession of the city just 
named. 

Grant's Advance on Richmond. — Grant's tactics with the 
Army of the Potomac, under the immediate command of 
Gen. Meade, were similar. Flanking the Confederates un- 



284 



THE CIYIL WAE. 



[1864 



der Gen. Lee, he obliged them either to fall back or to give 
battle. A series of terrible conflicts ensued, in which blood 
was poured out like water — at the Wilderness, May 5th- 
7th — at Spottsylvania C. H., from the 8th to the 12th — at 
Cold Harbor, but a few miles from Richmond, June 3d. Baf- 
fled at the latter point in his efforts to break through the 
Confederate lines, Grant transferred his army to the south 
side of the James, and advanced upon Petersburg, twenty- 
two miles south of Richmond. Lee threw forward a strong 

detachment for its 
defence ; an attempt 
to take the city by 
storm failed, and it 
was soon invested by 
the Federal forces. 
Strong siege-works 
were constructed in 
front of the whole 
Confederate line, 
while pickets and 
small parties of 
troops thrown out in 
advance were pro- 
tected by rifle-pits. 
Simultaneously with 
Grant's advance, two attempts on Lynchburg, west of Rich- 
mond, had been made by divisions of the Federal army, 
but neither had succeeded. After the latter of the two, the 
Confederate Gen. Early, finding the Shenandoah Valley left 
undefended, embraced the opportunity to invade Maryland 
the third time. The 5th of July found him at Hagerstown ; 
Gen. Wallace delayed him for a time near Frederick, on the 
Monocracy River, till a sufficient force could be collected for 
the defence of Washington ; and when he appeared before 
the fortifications of that city, he found the opportunity for 




ElFLE-PITS. 

Third Invasion of Maryland. 



18G4] SHEKIDAN AND EARLY. 285 

seizing it joassed, and beat a speedy retreat. A body of 
Federal troops that started in pursuit, after gaining some 
advantages, was repulsed ; and near the close of July Early 
sent a detachment of horse again into Pennsylvania, which 
penetrated to Chambersburg. The invading force was pur- 
sued on its way back and lost a number of prisoners, but 
Early was still formidable in the Shenandoah Yalley till 
Gen. Sheridan with 40,000 men took the field against him. 

The battles of Winchester and Fisher's Hill in September 
resulted in Union victories, as did also an engagement at 
Cedar Creek, twenty miles from Winchester, on the 19th of 
October. Here the Federal army was at first driven back 
in confusion ; but the day was saved by Sheridan's appear- 
ance on the field, after a hurried ride from Winchester. 
Early, badly defeated, moved up the valley ; and the victors, 
by the wholesale destruction of stores and other property, 
made it untenable to the enemy for the future. 

Achievements of the Navy. — England, throughout the 
war, had manifested no sympathy for the national govern- 
ment. She had even gone so far as to allow Confederate 
privateers to be built in her ports. Several of these had 
done great damage to American commerce, particularly the 
Alabama, commanded by Captain Semmes. Semmes having 
challenged Captain Winslow of the U. S. steamer Kearsarge 
to an engagement, the vessels met off the French coast, 
June 19th, and the Alabama was sunk. The privateer 
Georgia had already been taken, and the Florida was short- 
ly afterward captured in a Brazilian port. 

Conspicuous among the naval successes of the year was 
the defeat of the Confederate fleet, and capture of the forts, 
in Mobile Bay, by Admiral Farragut. It was here that he had 
himself lashed to the main -top of his flag-ship the Hartford, 
as he ran past the forts to engage the gunboats. 

Sherman's March. — Sherman was not long idle at Atlan- 
ta. Leaving Thomas to watch the Confederate Gen. Hood, 



286 



THE CIVIL WAR. 



[1864 




who was threatening Tennessee, in the middle of November 
with his main body he abandoned his communications with 

the interior and com- 
menced a march to 
the seaboard (see 
Map, p. 288). His 
army, divided into 
two columns, over- 
ran a tract fifty miles 
wide, subsisting on 
the country and 
spreading conster- 
nation in its path. 
Savannah, evacu- 
ated by the Confed- 
erates, was occupied December 21st, Fort McAllister having 
been previously taken by assault. 

Immediately on Sherman's departure. Hood invaded 
Tennessee. A stubborn battle, fought at Franklin (see 
Map, p. 269), at first promising him victory, cost him severe- 
ly at its close ; but the Federals withdrew within their in- 
trenchments near Nashville. Here, December 15th, 16th, a 
decisive action took place between Hood and Thomas. The 
latter was completely victorious ; Hood's army was routed 
with a loss of many prisoners, and thoroughly demoralized 
sought refuge in Alabama. 

The Siege of Petersburg was all this time being pushed 
with vigor. At the end of July, a mine was exploded under 
one of the forts in the line of defence ; but an attempt of 
the Federals to enter through the breach was repulsed with 
heavy loss. Attacks were made at different points of the 
Confederate lines on both sides of the James River, — on the 
south side, especially for the purpose of severing the com- 
munications of the besieged city. These were attended 
with varied success, but generally resulted in severe loss to 



1864] LINCOLN KE-ELECTED. 287 

both sides. In one of them, the Union forces gained pos- 
session of the Weldon Railroad. 

Re-election of Lincoln. — In November, 1864, the republi- 
cans re-elected President Lincoln, over Gen. George B. Mc- 
Clellan, the democratic candidate, and made Andrew John- 
son, of Tennessee, vice-president. Mr. Lincoln, who always 
had an apt illustration or good story at hand, said he sup- 
posed the people did not want to swap horses while they 
were crossing the river. Nevada cast her first presidential 
vote at this election, having been admitted into the Union, 
October 31, 1864. Four calls, for an aggregate of 1,200,000 
additional men, were made by the president during the year. 

OPEKATIONS OF 18G5. 

Wilmington, li. C, had long been the chief port of entry 
for blockade-runners. An unsuccessful attempt had been 
made on Fort Fisher, one of the defences of this city, tow- 
ard the close of 1864 ; the attack was renewed ejirly in 
1865, by Admiral Porter and Gen. Terry. Fort Fisher was 
carried after a terrible bombardment, the other works were 
taken, and on Washington's birthday the stars and stripes 
waved once more over Wilmington. The Confederates 
were losing their strongholds, one after another. The lines 
were drawing closer. 

Sherman again in the Field.— On Petersburg and Rich- 
mond, where Lee still bade defiance to the besiegers, the 
whole strength of the Union armies was, if necessary, to be 
brought to bear. Sherman again took the field, to reduce 
the Carolinas and participate in the final struggle. The 
Confederates, though they bravely disputed his progress, 
particularly at Bentonsville, where an obstinate encounter 
took place March 19th, could offer no effectual resistance. 
Columbia, Fayetteville, Goldsboro, and Raleigh, successively 
yielded, Gen. Johnston retreating to the north-west. Nor 
could Charleston, in the face of this movement in its rear 



288 



THE CIVIL WAK. 



[1865 




A oHome ,,, 



poVtVvO^'V^'^ 



Siieeman's March to the Seaboard. 

and the constant and furious cannonading from Gillmore's 
batteries, hold oat any longer ; the Confederate army re- 
tired, and on the 18th of February this city surrendered. 

Sheridan in the Saddle, — Sheridan also lent important 
aid. Scouring the upper valley of the Shenandoah, break- 
ing up Early's force at Waynesboro, destroying bridges and 
many miles of railway, he crossed the James and joined the 
besieging force south of that river. The Confederates, alive 
to their critical situation, now determined to arm the slaves. 
On the 25th of March, Lee made a desperate effort to break 
the Federal lines, and partially succeeded ; but the lost 
ground was soon regained, and the Federal lines were ex- 
tended. 

Close of the War. — On the 2d of April, a general attack 
was made in front of Petersburg, and the Confederates were 
driven from their intrenchments. That night Petersburg 
and Richmond were evacuated, and the next day the Fed- 
eral forces took possession of both cities. Lee made a push 
for Lynchburg, in the hope that he might still protract the 
struggle ; but he was vigorously pursued by Sheridan, de- 



z' 



1865] MUKDEE OF THE PRESIDENT. 289 

feated at Deatonsville, and on the 9th of April obliged to 
surrender the remnant of his army, which had now dwindled 
to 9,000 men, near Appomattox Court-House. 

Lee's surrender was speedily followed by that of the 
other Confederate generals — Johnston in North Carolina, 
Taylor in the Department of Alabama and Mississippi, and 
Kirby Smith in command beyond the Mississippi River. So 

ENDED THE GREAT ClYIL WaR. 

Assassination of the President. — The universal joy that 
followed the termination of the war was suddenly turned 
into horror and grief by the sad tidings that President Lin- 
coln had been assassinated. He was shot April 14th, in a 
box at the theatre in Washington, by John Wilkes Booth, 
who imagined that he was thus avenging the South. The 
wicked deed excited intense abhorrence south as well as 
north, and the nation mourned as it had never mourned be- 
fore. At the same time an attempt had been made to mur- 
der Mr. Seward, the secretary of state, who was dangerously 
ill ; but it was frustrated by his attendants, two of whom, 
besides Mr. Seward and his son, were wounded. 

Booth and an accomplice were pursued, and after some 
days traced to a barn. Booth refused to surrender, and 
while taking aim at his pursuers was shot down. The ac- 
complice was captured, and executed along with three others 
implicated in the plot. 

ABSTRACT OF THE PRINCIPAL EVENTS OF THE 
CIVIL WAR. 



Date of 


secession : — 




Louisiana, 


Jan. 26, 1861 


South Carolina, 


Dec. 20, 1860 




Texas, 


Feb. 1, " 


Mississippi, 




Jan. 9, 1861 




Virginia, 


Apr. 17, " 


Florida, 




.Tan. 10, ' ' 




Arkansas, 


May 6, " 


Alabama, 




Jan. 11, " 




North Carolina, 


May 20, " 


Georgia, 




Jan. 19, " 




Tennessee, 


June 8, " 


1861. 


April 


13, fall of Sumte 


r ; 18, seizure of Hai 


per's Ferry by 


Confederate; 


; 21, 
13 


seizure of navy- 


va 


rd at Norfolk. 





290 PRINCIPAL EVENTS OF 

June 3, battle of Thilippi, Va. ; 10, battle of Big Bethel, Va. ; 11, 
battle of Romney, Va. 

July 5, battle near Carthage, Mo. ; 11, battle of Rich Mountain, Va. ; 
14, battle of Carrick's Ford, Va. ; 21, first battle of Bull Run, Va. 

August 10, battle of Wilson's Creek, Mo. ; 29, capture of forts at Hat- 
teras Inlet, N. C. 

September 10, battle of Carnifex Ferry, Va. ; 20, battle of Lexington, Mo. 

October 21, battle of Ball's Bluff, Va. 

November 1, battle of Belmont, Mo., and capture of Port Royal, S, C. ; 
8, seizure of Mason and Slidell. 

December 20, battle of Dranesville, Va. 

1862. January 19, battle of Mill Springs, Ky. 

February 6, capture of Fort Henry, Tenn. ; 8, capture of Roanoke 
Island, N. C. ; 16, capture of Fort Donelson, Tenn. 

March 6, Y, 8, battle of Pea Ridge, Ark. ; 8, ram Virginia sinks the 
Cumberland and Congress ; 9, engagement between the Virginia and Moni- 
tor ; 14, capture of Newbern, N. C. ; 23, battle of Winchester (between 
Generals Shields and Jaclvson). 

April 6, V, battle of Shiloh, Tenn. ; 7, capture of Island No. 10, Mis- 
sissippi River; 11, capture of Fort Pulaski, Ga. ; 25, capture of Beaufort, 
S. C, and of New Orleans. 

May 4, capture of Yorktown, Va., by McClellan ; 5, battle of Williams- 
burg ; 10, seizure of Norfolk by Gen. Wool ; 30, capture of Corinth, Miss. ; 
May 31 and June 1, battle of Fair Oaks, Va. 

June 6, surrender of Memphis, Tenn. ; 25, battle of Oak Grove, Va. ; 
26, battle of Mechanicsville ; 27, battle of Gaines's Mill ; 29, battle of 
Savage's Station ; 30, battles of White-Oak Swamp and Charles City Cross 
Roads. 

July 1, battle of Malvern Hill, Va. 

August 9, battle of Cedar Mountain, Va. ; 29, 30, second battle of 
Bull Run ; 30, battle of Richmond, Ky. 

September 14, battle of South Mountain, Md. ; 15, capture of Harper's 
Ferry by Confederates; 17, battles of Antietam, Md., and Munfordsville, 
Ky. ; 19, battle of luka, Miss. 

October 4, Confederate repulse at Corinth, Miss. ; 8, battle of Perry- 
ville, Ky. 

December 13, battle of Fredericksburg, Va. ; Dec. 31- Jan. 3, 1863, 
battle of Murfreesboro, Tenn. 

1863. January 1, Emancipation proclamation; 11, capture of Ar- 
kansas Post, Ark., by Unionists. 



THE CIVIL WAE. 291 

May 1, battle of Port Gibson, Miss. ; 2, 3, battle of Chancellorsville, 
Va. ; 12, battle of Raymond, Miss.; 14, battle near Jackson, Miss.; 16, 
battle of Champion's Hill, Miss. ; 1*7, battle of Big Black River, Miss, 

June 15, commencement of Lee's second invasion of Maryland; 17, 
capture of the iron-clad Atlanta. 

July 1-3, battle of Gettysburg, Pa. ; 4, capture of Vieksburg, Miss. ; 
8, capture of Port Hudson, La. ; 13-16, riot in New York ; 26, capture of 
Morgan in Ohio. 

September 7, capture of Fort Wagner and Battery Gregg in Charleston 
harbor ; 10, capture of Little Rock, Ark. ; 19, 20, battle of Chickaniauga, Ga. 

November 18, investment of Knoxville, Tenn., by Confederates ; 24, 
battle of Lookout Mountain, Ga. ; 25, battle of Missionary Ridge, Ga. 

December 3, siege of Knoxville, Tenn., raised. 

1 864. February 1, draft ordered ; 20, Union defeat at Olustee, Fla. 

March 7, Banks's Red River Expedition starts ; 13, capture of Fort de 
Russy, La. ; 26, Confederate repulse at Cane River, La. 

April 8, Federal defeat at Sabine Cross Roads, La. ; 9, Confederate 
repulse at Pleasant Hill, La. ; 12, capture of Fort Pillow, Tenn., by Con- 
federates ; 18, capture of Plymouth, N. C, by Confederates. 

May 3, Army of the Potomac breaks camp for an advance on Rich- 
mond ; 5-7, battle of the Wilderness, Va. ; 7, advance of Sherman from 
Chattanooga, Tenn. ; May 8-12, battles near Spottsylvania C. H., Va. ; 15, 
battles of Resaca, Ga., and New Market, Va. ; 28, battle of Dallas, Ga. 

June 3, battle of Cold Harbor, Va. ; 14, Grant crosses the James ; 19, 
engagement between the Alabama and Kearsarge ; 22, 27, battles near Kene- 
saw Mountain, Ga. 

July 5, Early invades Maryland ; 9, battle of the Monocacy, Md. ; 20, 
22, 28, battles before Atlanta, Ga. ; 30, explosion of mine and Union re- 
pulse in front of Petersburg, Va. 

August 5, Federal victory in Mobile Bay; 18, Weldon R. R. seized. 

September 2, capture of Atlanta, Ga. ; 19, Federal victory at Winches- 
ter, Va. ; 22, Federal victory at Fisher's Hill, Va. 

October 19, battle of Cedar Creek, Va. ; 27, battle of Hatcher's Run ; 
ram Albemarle sunk ; 31, recapture of Plymouth, N. C, by Federals. 

November 30, battle of Franklin, Tenn. 

December 15, 16, battle in front of Nashville, Tenn. ; 21, capture of 
Savannah, Ga. ; 24, first attack on Fort Fisher, N. C. 

1 865. January 15, capture of Fort Fisher, N. C. 
February 17, occupation of Columbia, S. C, by Sherman ; 18, capture 
of Charleston, S. C. ; 22, capture of Wilmington, N. C. 



292 



Johnson's administration. 



[i86rj 



March 19, 20, battle of Bentonsville, N. C. ; 21, occupation of Golds- 
boro. 

April 2, Confederate lines in front of Petersburg carried ; 3, capture 
of Petersburg and Richmond ; 6, battle of Deatonsville, Ya. ; 9, Lee's sur- 
render ; 13, capture of Mobile and Raleigh ; 26, Johnston's surrender. 

May 4, Dick Taylor's surrender ; 26, Kirby Smith's surrender. End of 
THE CiYiL War. 



CHAPTER XXXI. 

EVENTS SINCE THE CIVIL WAR. 



J ii 






Main Building of the Centennial Exhibition, Philadelphia, 1S76. 




Johnson's AD:sriNiSTEATioN, 1865-1869. 

Andrew Johnson, tlie vice-president, on Mr. Lincoln's 
decease, took the oath of office as executive head of the 
nation (April 15, 1865). He was a native of Raleigh, N. C, 
began life as a tailor's apprentice, was a stranger to schools, 
and was seventeen years old before he could read or write. 
Removing to Greenville, Tenn., he embraced every oppor- 
tunity to improve himself, and rose through a succession of 



1865] RESULTS OF THE CTV^IL WAR. 293 

public offices to become U. S. senator, and military governor 
of the state after it had been recovered by the national forces. 

Jefferson Davis, on the downfall of the Confederacy, had 
made for the coast in the hope of escaping to the West In- 
dies. A body of Federal cavalry, however, intercepted him 
near Irwinville, in southern Georgia. For nearly four years 
he was under indictment for treason, part of the time con- 
fined in Fortress Monroe, and afterward released on bail ; 
but the prosecution was finally abandoned. 

Results of the War. — The civil war is estimated to have 
cost the country half a million lives, besides nearly as many 
men more, disabled by wounds or disease. A Federal debt 
of $2,750,000,000 had been incurred. The industries of the 
country had been unsettled. In addition to these difficulties, 
about a million soldiers were now at the close of the war 
to be discharged, and thrown upon the community without 
employment. There were fears of disorder, but they were 
unfounded, the disbanded men returning peaceably to the 
pursuits of civil life. 

The most important result of the war was the abolitiox 
OF SLAVERY, its cxciting cause. This was effected by an 
amendment to the Constitution (the Thirteenth — see Con- 
stitution at the close of the volume), proposed by Congress 
to the several states, ratified by the requisite number, and 
on the 18th of December, 1865, announced as forming part 
of the Constitution. For the protection of the emancipated 
slaves. Congress afterward established the Freedmen's Bu- 
reau, and in spite of the president's veto passed the Civil- 
Rights Bill, securing to the freedmen the rights of citizens 
(April 9, 1866). 

Reconstruction.— The condition of the Southern States, 
particularly those which had been the principal theatres of 
war, was pitiable in the extreme. There being no disposi- 
tion on the part of the president to add to the prevailing 
distress by pursuing a harsh course toward those who had 



294 Johnson's administration. [i866 

recently been arrayed against the government, he issued 
three proclamations of amnesty, the last of which, dated on 
Christmas-day, 1868, extended pardon unconditionally to all. 

The Reconstruction question, — that is, the settlement of 
the terms on which the seceded states should be restored to 
the Union, — led to serious difficulties between Congress and 
the president. The former desired more positive guarantees 
against infringements on the rights of the freedmen, and 
accordingly proposed a Fourteenth Amendment to the Con- 
stitution, which recognized all persons born or naturalized 
in the United States as citizens, and prohibited the several 
states from making any law which should abridge their 
privileges. It also provided that the validity of the public 
debt incurred in the civil war should not be questioned ; but 
that no debt contracted for the purpose of warring against 
the Federal government should be assumed or paid by either 
the United States or any state, nor any claim for the loss or 
emancipation of slaves. 

This amendment was adopted in 1868, and was followed 
two years later by the Fifteenth Amendment, w^hich dis- 
tinctly declared that the right of citizens to vote should not 
be denied by any state " on account of race, color, or pre- 
vious condition of servitude." 

Tennessee was the first to ratify the Fourteenth Amend- 
ment, and to be reinstated (July, 1866). In 1868, Arkansas, 
Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, North and South 
Carolina, followed the example of Tennessee, and were re- 
stored to their former relations. The good work was con- 
tinued under the following administration, by the readmis- 
sion of Virginia, Mississippi, and Texas ; and in the spring 
of 1870 all the states were once more represented in Con- 
gress. 

Impeachment. — The breach between President Johnson 
and Congress kept widening. It led to the passage by Con- 
gress of the Tenure-of-Office Bill, which made the consent of 



1869] grant's administration. 295 

the Senate necessary to removals from office. When, in the 
face of this bill, Mr. Johnson attempted to remove Secretary 
Stanton from the war department, intense excitement was 
produced, and the House of Representatives impeached the 
president with the view of depriving him of his position. 
According to the provisions of the Constitution, he was tried 
by the Senate ; but less than two-thirds of that body having 
found him guilty, he was acquitted. 

Remaining Events. — The purchase of Russian America 
(Alaska), a cold and barren region valuable only for its 
fisheries and furs, was made during this administration (Oc- 
tober, 1867). We must also notice the arrival, in the sum- 
mer of 1868, of an embassy from China, important as in- 
dicating that this great empire, with its hundreds of millions 
of. people, is laying aside its exclusive policy and opening 
its doors to a higher civilization. 

The presidential election of 1868 resulted in the choice 
of the republican candidates, Gen. Ulysses S. Grant, and 
Schuyler Colfax of Indiana, over the democratic nominees, 
Horatio Seymour of New York, and Francis P. Blair, jr., of 
Missouri. 

grant's administration, 1869-1877. 

President Grant was a graduate of the Military Academy 
at West Point. After serving in the Mexican War, he had 
resigned his commission and settled down in mercantile busi- 
ness at Galena, Illinois. The civil war summoned him once 
more to the field ; to his successes there he owed his ad- 
vancement to the highest rank in the army, and his transfer 
from that position to the presidential chair. Hamilton Fish, 
of New York, served as secretary of state during the greater 
part of Grant's terms. 

The Pacific Kailroad, a great work in which the govern- 
ment assisted, was completed in May, 1869. This important 
link in the chain of communication between the Atlantic and 
the Pacific is 1,900 miles in length, and crossing two moun- 



296 grant's administration. [18T1 

tain-ranges connects San Francisco, the metropolis of Cali- 
fornia, with Omaha on the Missouri River. Its completion 
was the occasion of great rejoicings, for its value to the 
country, particularly to the western section, is incalculable. 

"The Alabama Claims," growing out of the damages in- 
flicted on American commerce by Confederate privateers 
fitted out in the ports of Great Britain, at one time threat- 
ened trouble with the power just named. By the Treaty of 
Washington in 1871, however, it was agreed that this ques- 
tion, as well as the interpretation of the treaty of 1846 as to 
the north-west boundary, should be settled by arbitration. 
The Geneva Tribunal, to which the Alabama claims were re- 
ferred, adjudged to the United States $15,500,000, and in 
September, 1873, this sum was paid into the treasury. 
The Emperor of Germany, as arbitrator on the north-west 
boundary, settled the question agreeably to the views of the 
United States. 

Fires. — The growth of Chicago, the metropolis of the 
North-west, covering the site of old Fort Dearborn (p. 214), 
has been without a parallel even among the western cities. 
First laid out in 1830, it had by 1871 attained a population 
of 300,000 souls. On the 8 th and 9th of October in the 
latter year, this magnificent city was visited by a terrible 
conflagration, which destroyed 1196,000,000 worth of prop- 
erty and deprived nearly 100,000 persons of their homes. 
Such was the enterprise of its citizens, however, that within 
four years few traces of the fire were left. 

In 1872, a similar conflagration laid in ruins a large part 
of the city of Boston. The property consumed was esti- 
mated at not less than $80,000,000. 

Re-election. — President Grant was re-elected by the re- 
publican party in 1872, with Henry Wilson, U. S. Senator 
from Massachusetts, as vice-president. The democratic can- 
didates, Horace Greeley, long prominent in the country as 
the conductor of the JS'ew York Trlhune, and B. Gratz 



1872] grant's administration. 297 

Brown, of Missouri, carried but six states. Soon after the 
election Mr. Greeley died, a victim to the excitements and 
fatigues of the campaign. 

The Credit Mobilier, a stock-company which had con- 
structed part of the Pacific Railroad and realized large prof- 
its from the work, was the subject of searching investiga- 
tions on the part of Congress during the winter of 1872-3. 
It was ascertained that some of the stock had found its 
way into the hands of members of Congress, whose votes 
were suspected of having been thus corruptly influenced in 
matters involving the interests of the road. The House of 
Representatives censured two of its members, and a senator 
narrowly escaped expulsion. 

Modoc War. — Early in Grant's second term, the Modocs, 
a tribe of Indians living near the southern boundary of Ore- 
gon, occasioned serious trouble. It was the old story over 
again. They had bound themselves by a treaty some years 
before to surrender their lands and go on a reservation ; but, 
when the time came for their removal, they refused to leave, 
and, fleeing to inaccessible " lava-beds " in the neighbor- 
hood, defied the efforts of the government to dislodge them. 
In April, 1873, peace-commissioners went out to treat with 
them under a flag of truce ; but the interview was suddenly 
terminated by the savages' treacherously firing on the whites 
and killing two of their number. An active campaign was 
then carried on against the Modocs till the whole band was 
captured. The assassins were executed and the rest re- 
moved. 

Political difficulties occurred in more than one of the 
Southern States during Grant's administration. In Louisi- 
ana, the struggle between parties for the control of the state 
was severe and protracted for several years. In 1873, two 
returning-boards, each claiming to be the legal one, reported 
two different governors as elected — the one a republican, the 
other a democrat. There was, of course, an immediate con- 



298 grant's ADMLNISTEATION. [1873 

flict of authority, resulting in temporary anarchy. Kellogg, 
the republican incumbent, was sustained by the president, 
but was looked upon by the opposite party as having no 
rightful claim to the position. 

Violent demonstrations were repressed for the time, but 
broke out in New Orleans in the fall of 1874. Twenty-six 
persons lost their lives in a street-conflict, and Governor 
Kellogg was obliged to seek safety in the Custom-House 
under the protection of the Federal flag. Again the presi- 
dent interposed in Kellogg's favor. The following January, 
another outbreak occurred, and a committee of the House 
of Representatives was sent to New Orleans for its adjust- 
ment. 

At the election held in the fall of 1876, the controversy 
was renewed with increased bitterness. Fraud was charged 
on each party by its opponents, and again there were two 
rival governors and legislatures. President Grant now de- 
clined to interfere any further in the affairs of the state than 
was necessary to prevent a breach of the peace. His suc- 
cessor, into whose administration the struggle was prolonged, 
withdrew the Federal troops which had up to this time pre- 
vented the overthrow of the republican government, and the 
democratic incumbent quietly assumed undisputed control. 

A similar conflict between parties agitated South Caro- 
lina ; it was similarly disposed of by the president in 1877, 
and with the like result. 

Business depression paralyzed the industries of the nation 
in 1873 and for several years immediately following. It was 
the natural result of the war, and was attended with ruin to 
hundreds of commercial and manufacturing establishments, 
as well as with great distress to the laboring-classes. The 
revulsions ©f 1837 and 1857 were neither so far-reaching 
nor so long continued. Not till 1877 did the clouds in any 
degree seem to lift. Then there was a slight improvement, 
and with the blessing of Heaven on the efforts of the people, 



1875] 



GRANT'S ADMINISTEATION. 



299 




now taught the necessity of prudence, economy, and unre- 
mitting industry, it was hoped that the country would soon 
recover its wonted prosperity. 

Different measures had of course been proposed for the 
removal of the financial difficulties which overhung the land. 
" Inflationists " had advocated an increased issue of paper 
money ; others spurned " the rag baby," as they called it, 
insisted that inflation would but put off the evil day, and 
called for a contraction of the currency and a speedy return 
to specie payments. A majority in Congress favored the 



300 grant's administration. [1875 

latter view, and early in 1875 a bill was passed fixing Jan- 
uary 1, 1879, as the day when specie payments should be 
resumed. 

The Thirty-eighth State. — Colorado, whose valuable de- 
posits of the precious metals, as well as its advantages for 
stock-raising, had attracted to its sightly table-lands a pop- 
ulation of 125,000, applied for admission to the Union in 
1875 ; and, in March of that year, Congress granted it au- 
thority to frame a constitution. In the summer of 1876, it 
took its place in the Union, by the proclamation of the presi- 
dent, as " the Rocky Mountain State." (See Map, p. 299.) 

Deaths of Public Men. — Several whom the nation de- 
lighted to honor were called to their rest during Grant's ad- 
ministration. Among these were William H. Seward, who 
had ably managed the foreign relations of the country dur- 
ing Lincoln's administration (1872) ; Morse, the inventor of 
the magnetic telegraph (1872) ; Chief-Justice Chase, who 
had skillfully provided ways and means during the trying 
days of the civil war (1873) ; Charles Sumner, of Massa- 
chusetts, a leader in the U. S. Senate (1874) ; and Vice- 
President Wilson (1875). 

The Centennial Year, 1876, marking the completion of a 
century of national existence, was appropriately honored in 
different parts of the country, particularly on the 4th of 
July. The crowning celebration of the year was a great In- 
ternational Exhibition, opened at Philadelphia on the 10th 
of May, the grandest *' world's fair " the world had ever 
seen. The inclosed grounds covered an area of 236 acres, 
and contained 200 buildings, some of them of great magni- 
tude. All nations contributed of their productions and were 
represented by visitors, the admissions during the six months 
that the exhibition remained open falling little short of 
10,000,000. 

Indian War. — Though the government had pursued a 
conciliatory course to the Indians, a hostile disposition was 



1876] 



geant's administeation. 



301 




Custee's last Battle-field. 



manifested early in IS'iG by the 
Sioux in Dakota, Montana (moM- 
tah'-nd)^ and Wyo'niing. They 
refused to settle upon a reser- 
vation, and attacked friendly 
Indians under the protection of the United States. It was 
necessary to reduce them by force. In June, Gen. Custer, 
with part of his regiment, came upon the hostile Sioux, 
2,500 strong, near the Little Big Horn River, and without 
waiting for support dashed upon them. His whole force 
was overwhelmed and destroyed, Custer himself being slain 
while fighting gallantly. A brave who was in the battle 
afterward related how " the White Chief," when his com- 
rades had all fallen and his firearms were emptied, un- 
dauntedly defended himself with his sword, until a bullet 
laid him in the dust. The Federal army, re-enforced, sub- 
sequently pursued and broke up the Sioux, and compelled 
most of them to surrender. 



302 INAUGURATION OF PRESIDENT HAYES. [l877 

The election of 1876 was unusually exciting. The can- 
didates were, on the republican side, Governor Rutherford 
B. Hayes, of Ohio, and William A. Wheeler, of New York ; 
on the democratic, Governor Samuel J. Tilden, of New 
York, and Governor Thomas A. Hendricks, of Indiana. The 
contest was close, and the issue for some time doubtful ; 
charges were made of fraud on the one side and intimidation 
on the other. From several of the states two opposing 
certificates were handed in. The trouble was finally settled 
by the passage of an act of Congress referring all disputed 
certificates to a commission, consisting of five senators, five 
representatives, and five judges of the Supreme Court of 
the United States. 

The result was that Hayes and Wheeler were declared 
to have received one more electoral vote than their oppo- 
nents ; and, accordingly, they were inaugurated on the 5th 
of March, 1877. William M. Evarts, of New York, was 
appointed secretary of state, and Senator John Sherman, of 
Ohio, secretary of the treasury. 



REVIEW BY DATES. 

Continue the Chronological Record from 1860 to 1877, presenting 
under each year its principal events. For the years of the war, select the 
most important battles from the Abstract on pages 290, 291, and 292. For 
the subsequent years, glean from the text the events that seem to be of most 
moment. 

We may here with profit take a brief view of the recent history of Mex- 
ico and Canada, the nearest neighbors of the United States, 

Mexico. — After the war with the United States, a series of revolutions 
look place in Mexico, till in 1858 Juarez {hon-ah' reth) established himself as 
president. His administration became popular, by reason of his instituting 
various reforms. The inability of the government, however, to meet the 
claims of France for damages alleged to have been sustained by French 
subjects resident in the country, afforded the Emperor Napoleon III. a pre- 
text for sending over an army to enforce his demands, which he did in 1863. 
Part of the country was overrun, the capital was seized, and the government 



RECENT HISTORr OF MEXICO AND CANADA. 303 

overthrown. Mexico was constituted an empire, and the Archduke Maxi- 
milian, brother of the emperor of Austria, was placed at its head. 

The United States refused to acknowledge Maximilian, and denied the 
right of any European power to establish a monarchy in North America. 
In compHance with its remonstrances, the French army was withdrawn in 
186*7. Maximilian, unable to sustain himself, was captured and shot, and 
the republic was restored. Latterly, the country has been comparatively 
peaceful. Provision has been made for public education, and the condition 
of Mexico has improved, though the raids of border-thieves into Texas have 
given great dissatisfaction to the United States. 

Canada, — The British possessions north of the United States are now, 
with the exception of Newfoundland, all united in what is known as " The 
Dominion of Canada." The Dominion consists of seven provinces — Ontario, 
Quebec, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Manitoba, British Columbia, and 
Prince Edward Island — together with Hudson Bay Territory, which was 
purchased of the Hudson Bay Company and annexed. The affairs of each 
province are managed by its own legislature, Avhile those of the whole are 
regulated by a parliament in which all are represented, a governor-general 
being the executive head. This union has consolidated the strength of the 
colonies, and led to the undertaking of important internal improvements. 



304 PROGEESS OF THE COUNTRY. 



CONCLUSION. 

We have thus traced the history of our country from 
feeble beginnings, through its early struggles and later 
triumphs, till we have seen it become one of the great powers 
of the earth. Our Federal Republic now (1877) consists of 
thirty-eight states and ten territories, besides the District 
of Columbia, a tract of sixty-four square miles, in which the 
national capital is situated. 

Within ninety years our population has increased from 
four to forty-five millions. Nearly eighty thousand miles of 
railroad, and more than that number of telegraph-line, trav- 
erse the land in all directions and connect its principal cities. 
The West, rich in the precious metals, richer still in its vast 
fields of the useful minerals, richest of all in its agricultural 
resources, though populated in parts with unprecedented 
rapidity, is still in its infancy ; its greatness, when it is fully 
developed, who can estimate ? 

The ingenuity of the people of the United States has 
passed into a proverb. To them are due many of the inven- 
tions which have contributed most to the comfort and im- 
provement of the race. Not to mention other triumphs of 
their manufacturing industry, their printing-presses and 
sewing-machhies, their safes and fire-engines, their life- 
boats and agricultural implements, have no equals else- 
where. The general diffusion of intelligence, and the com- 
fortable condition of the working-classes, are specially no- 
ticeable ; they are attributable, in a great measure, to the 
glorious system of common-school education which is the 
pride of our country. 

It is not long since it was asked, " Who reads an Amer- 
ican book ? " Now the question is, who does not cherish as 
household words the names of our charming fiction- writers, 



AMERICAN WKITEES. 



305 






Irving, Cooper, and 
Hawthorne — our 
historians, Bancroft, 
Prescott, and Mot- 
ley — our poets, Bry- 
ant and Longfellow, 
Halleck and Whit- 
tier, Lowell and 
Holmes ? South, as 
well as North, has 
contributed stars to 
the galaxy of Amer- 
ican writers and 
scientists, as the names of Simms and Kennedy, Poe and 
Maury, abundantly testify. In magazines and school-books 
especially, the United States has nothing to fear from a 
comparison with the most cultivated of the older nations. 

The record of our country thus far has been honorable 
and brilliant. Continuing in such a career, with the safe- 
guards of education thrown around its citizens, may it prove 
to the world, despite the fate of republics heretofore, that 
there is no reason why free institutions may not be eternal ! 




THE END 



TABLE OF THE SEVERAL STATES, 

SIIO"\VING THE FIRST SETTLEMENT, DATE OP ADMISSION, AREA, POPULATION, 
AND NUMBER OF ELECTORAL VOTES. 







Year 
of 


Area in 


Population, 


£ »• 


STATE. 


First Settled at 


Admis- 
sion. 


Square 
Miles. 


Census of 
1870. 




Virginia . 


Jamestown 


s 


88,348 


1,225,163 


11 


New York . 


New York City . 


1 


47,000 


4,382,759 


35 


Massachusetts 


Plymouth 


7,800 


1,457,851 


13 


New Jersey 


Bergen . 




8,320 


906,096 


9 


New Hampshire . 


Dover, Portsmouth . 


o 


9,280 


318,300 


5 


Delaware . 


Wilmington . 


.2 


2,120 


125,015 


3 


Connecticut , 


Hartford . 


Iq 


4,750 


537,454 


6 


Maryland . 


St. Mary^s . 


H 


11,124 


780,894 


8 


Rhode Island . 


Providence 


-3 


1.306 


217,353 


4 


North Carolina . 


Near Albemarle Sound 


a 


50,704 


1,071.361 


10 


South Carolina 


Port Roval 


O 


34,000 


705,606 


7 


Pennsylvania 


Philadelphia . 


46,000 


3,521,951 


29 


Georgia . 


Savannah . 




58,000 


1,184,109 


11 


14. Vermont 


Fort Dummer 


1791 


10,212 


330,551 


5 


15. Kentucky 


Boonesborough 


1792 


37.680 


1.321,011 


12 


16. Tennessee . 


Fort Loudon . 


1796 


45.600 


1,258,520 


12 


17. Ohio 


Marietta . 


1802 


39,964 


2,665,260 


22 


IS. Louisiana . 


New Orleans . 


1812 


41,346 


726,915 


8 


19. Indiana . 


Vincennes 


1816 


38,809 


1,680,637 


15 


20. Mississippi . 


Biloxi . 


1817 


47,156 


827.922 


8 


21. Illinois . 


Kaskaskia 


1818 


55.410 


2,539;891 


21 


22. Alabama . 


Mobile . 


1819 


50,722 


996.932 


10 


23. Maine . 


Mon began 


1820 


35,000 


626,915 


T 


24. Missouri 


St. Genevieve 


1S21 


65,350 


1,721,295 


15 


25. Arkansas 


Arkansas Post . 


1836 


52,198 


484,471 


6 


26. Michigan . 


Detroit . 


1837 


56,451 


1,184,059 


11 


27. Florida . 


St. Augustine . 


1845 


59,268 


187,748 4 1 


28. Texas . 


San Antonio . 


1845 


274,356 


818,579 8 


29. Iowa 


Dubuque . 


1846 


55,045 


1,194,020 11 1 


30. Wisconsin . 


Green Bay . 


1848 


53,924 


1,051,670 


10 


31. California 


San Diego . 


1850 


188.981 


560.247 


6 


32. Minnesota . 


Fort Snelling 


1858 


83,531 


439,706 


5 


33. Oregon , 


Astoria 


1859 


95,274 


90,923 


3 


34. Kansas 




1861 


81,818 


364,399 


5 


35. West Virginia 





1863 


23,000 


442,014 


6 


36. Nevada 


Carson City . " . * 


1864 


104,125 


42.491 


3 


87. Nebraska 





1867 


75,995 


122.993 


3 


33. Colorado 


. . . . 


1876 


104,500 


39,864 


3 


Territories. 




Org'd 








\. Utah 





1850 


84,476 


86,786 i 1 


2. New Mexico 


. 


1850 


121,201 


91,874 




3. Washington . 




1853 


69,994 


28,955 




4. Dakota 


. 


1861 


148,932 


14,181 


1 


5. Arizona . 




1863 


113,916 


9,658 


1 


6. Idaho . 


. 


1863 


86,294 


14.999 




7. Montana 




1864 


145.776 


20.595 




8. Wyoming . 


. 


1868 


97.888 


9,118 




9. Indian . . . 






68.991 


68,152 




10. Alaska 


. 




577,390 


29,097 




Dist. Columbia . 


. . . . 




64 


131,700 




Total 


3,603,884 


38,655,620 


869 



TABLE OF PRESIDENTS AND VICE-PRESIDENTS. 



No. 


PRESIDENTS. 


State. 


In Office. 


VieE-PRESIDENTS. 


1 

2 

8 

4 

5 
6 

7 
8 

10 
11 
12 
13 
14 
15 

16 

17 

18 

19 


George Washington 


Virginia 

Massachusetts. . 

Virginia 

Virginia 

Virginia 

Massachusetts. . 

Tennessee 

New York 

Ohio . . 


1789-1797 
1797-lSOl 

1801-1809 

1809-1817 

1817-1825 

1825-1829 

1829-1837 

1837-1841 
1841-1 mo. 
1841-1845 

1845-1849 
1849-1850 
1850-1853 
1853-1857 
1857-1861 

1861-1865 

1865-1869 

1869-1877 

1877 


John Adams, of Mass. 

Thomas Jefferson, Va. 
S Aaron Burr, N. Y. 
) George Clinton, N. Y. 
j George Clinton, N. Y. 
( Elbridge Gerrv. Mass. 

Daniel D.Tompkins.N. Y. 

John C. Calhoun, S. C. 
( John C. Calhoun, S. C. 
( Martin Van Buren. N. Y. 

Kichard M Johnson, Ky. 

John Tyler, Va. 

George M. Dallas. Pa. 
Millard Fillmore, N. Y. 

WilHam E. King. Ala. 

John C. Breckinridge, Ky. 
j Hannibal Hamlin, Me. 
] Andrew Johnson, Tenn. 

S Schuyler Colfax, Ind. 
I Henry Wilson, Mass. 
William A.Wheeler, N.Y. 


Thomas Jefferson 

James Madison 


James Monroe 


John Quincy Adams 

Andrew Jackson 

Martin Van Buren 

William Henry Harrison 

John Tyler 

James Knox Polk 

Zachary Taylor 

Millard Fillmore 


Virginia 


Tennessee 

Louisiana 

New York 

New Hampshire 
Pennsylvania... 

Hlinois 

Tennessee 

Hlinois 


James Buchanan 

Abraham Lincoln 

Andrew Johnson 

Ulysses S. Grant 

Eutherford B. Hayes... 


Ohio 





LEADING DATES. 

[If the suggestions made at the ends of the Chapters have been followed, the 
student will have a Chronological Eecord of the principal events in American his 
tory, prepared by himself. We shall here present only a few leading dates, which 
should be remembered as land-marks.] 

Discovery of America by Columbus, 1492. 

First permanent English settlement, at Jamestown, 1607. 

Landing of the Pilgrims at Plymouth, 1620. 

Washington born, 1732. 

French and Indian War, 1754-1763. 

Stamp Act in force, 1765-1766. 

Eevolutionary War, 1775-1783. 

Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1776. 

Government organized under the Constitution, 1789. 

Washington City made the capital, 1800. 

Louisiana purchased from France, 1803. 

War with Great Britain, 1812-1815. 

Florida ceded to the United States by Spain, 1819. 

Mexican War, 1846-1848. 

California obtained by treaty, 1848. 

The Civil War, 1861-1865. 

Emancipation Proclamation, 1863. 

Slavery abolished in the United States, 1865. 



THE DECLAEATION OF INDEPENDENCE, 

PASSED JULY 4, 111Q. 



A Declaration hy the Rexiresentatives of the United States 
of America^ in Congress assembled. 

When, in the course of liuraan events, it becomes necessary for one people 
to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and 
to assume, among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to 
which the laws of nature and of nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to 
the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which 
impel them to the separation. 

We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal ; 
that they are endowed by tlieir Creator with certain unalienable rights ; that 
among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. That, to secure 
these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just pow- 
ers from the consent of the governed ; that, whenever any form of govern- 
ment becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter 
or to abolish it, and to institute a new government, laying its foundation on 
such principles, and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall 
seem most likely to etFect their safety and happiness. Prudence, indeed, will 
dictate that governments long established, should not be changed for light 
and transient causes ; and, accordingly, all experience hath shown, that man- 
kind are more disposed to sutler, while evils are sufl'erable, than to right 
themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But, wdien 
a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same object, 
evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their right, it 
is their duty, to throw off such government, and to pi'ovide new guards for 
their future security. Such has been the patient sufferance of these colonies, 
and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their fonner 
systems of government. The history of the present king of Great Britain is 
a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the 
establishment of an absolute tyranny over these States. To prove this, let 
facts be submitted to a candid world : — 

He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and necessary for 
the public good. 

He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of immediate and pressing 
importance, unless suspended in their operation till his assent should be ob- 
tained ; and, when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them. 

He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of large districts 
of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of representation in 
the legislature ; a right inestimable to them, and formidable to tyrants only. 

He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, 
and distant from the depository of their public records, for the sole purpose 
of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures. 

He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for opposing, with 
manly firmness, his invasions on the rights of the people. 

He has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions, to cause others to 
be elected; whereby the legislative powers, incapable of annihilation, have 



310 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 

returned to the people at largo for their exercise ; the State remaining, in the 
mean time, exposed to all the danger of invasion from without, and convul- 
sions within. 

He has endeavored to prevent the population of these States ; for that pur- 
pose, obstructing the laws for naturalization of foreigners ; refusing to pass 
others to encourage their migration hither, and raising the conditions of new 
appropriations of lands. 

He has obstructed the administration of justice, by refusing his assent to 
laws for establishing judiciary powers. 

He has made judges dependent on his will alone, for the tenure of their 
offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries. 

He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarms of offi- 
cers to harass our people, and eat out their substance. 

He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing armies, without the 
consent of our legislature. 

He has affected to render the military independent of, and superior to, the 
civil power. 

He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to 
our constitution, and unacicnowledged by our laws ; giving his assent to their 
acts of pretended legislation : 

For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us : 

For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment for any murders 
which they should commit on the inhabitants of these States : 

For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world : 

For imposing taxes on us without our consent : 

For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury : 

For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pi-etended oti:ences : 

For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neighboring province, 
establishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarging its boundaries, 
so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the 
same absolute rule into these colonies : 

For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, and al- 
tering, fundamentally, the powers of our governments : 

For suspending our own legislatures, and declaring themselves invested 
with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever. 

He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out of his protection 
and waging war against us. 

He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our towns, and de- 
stroyed the lives of our people. 

He is, at this time, transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries to 
complete the works of death, desolation, and tyranny, already begun, with 
circumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous 
ages, and totally unworthy the head of a civilized nation. 

He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive on the high-seas, to 
bear arms against their country, to become the executioners of their friends 
and brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands. 

He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavored to 
bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers the merciless Indian savages, whose 
known rule of warfare is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes, 
and conditions. 

In every stage of these oppressions we have petitioned for redress, in the 



DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 311 

most humble terms ; our repeated petitions have been answered only by re- 
peated injury. A prince whose character is thus marked by every act which 
may define a tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people. 

Nor have we been wanting in attention to our British brethren. We have 
warned them, from time to time, of attempts made by their legislature to 
extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of 
the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have appealed 
to their native justice and magnanimity, and Ave have conjured them, by the 
ties of our common kindred, to disavow these usurpations, which would in- 
evitably interrupt our connections and correspondence. They, too, have 
been deaf to the voice of justice and consanguinity. We must, therefore, ac- 
quiesce in the necessity which denounces our separation, and hold them, as 
we hold the rest of mankind, enemies in war, in peace friends. 

We, therefore, the representatives of the United States of Ajierica, in 
general Congress assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world 
for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name and by the authority of 
the good people of these colonies, solemnly publish and declare, That tliese 
United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent States ; 
that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British crown, and that all 
political connection between them and the State of Great Britain, is, and 
ought to be, totally dissolved ; and that, as free iind independent States, they 
have full power to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, establish 
commerce, and to do all other acts and things which independent States may 
of right do. And, for the support of this declaration, with a firm reliance on 
the protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other, our 
lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor. 

{Signed) JOHN HANCOCK. 

New Hampshire. — Josiah Bartlett, Wm. Whipple, Matthew Thornton. 

Massachusetts Bay. — Samuel Adams, John Adams, Eobert Treat Paine, 
Elbridge Gerry. 

Rhode Island. — Stephen Hopkins, William Ellery. 

Connecticut. — Koger Sherman, Samuel Huntington, William Williams, 
Oliver Wolcott. 

New Yorlc. — Wm. Floyd, Philip Livingston, Francis Lewis, Lewis Morris. 

New Jersey. — Richard Stockton, John Wituerspoon, Francis Hopkinson, 
John Hart, Abraham Clark. 

Pennsylvania. — Robert Morris, Benjamin Rush, Benjamin Franklin, 
John Morton, George Clymer, James Smith, George Taylor, James Wil- 
son, George Ross. 

Delaware.— (^MBKTi, Rodney, George Read, Thomas M'Kean. 

Maryland. — Samuel Chase, William Paca, Thomas Stone, Charles Car- 
rol, of Carrollton. 

Virginia. — George Wythe, Richard Henry Lee, Thomas Jefferson, 
Benjamin Harrison, Thomas Nelson, Jun., Francis Lightfoot Lee, Cartlr 
Braxton. 

North Carolina. — William Hooper, Joseph Hewes, John Penn. 

South Carolina. — Edward Rutledge, Thomas Heyward, Jun., Thomas 
Lynch, Jun., Arthur Middleton. 

Georgia. — Button Gwinnett, Lyaian Hall, George Walton. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES, 

We, tlie People of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, 
establish j ustice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the common defence, 
promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves 
and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Coxstitution for the United 
States of America. 

AETICLE I. 

Section 1. All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Con- 
gress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of 
Keprescntatives. 

Section 2, The House of Eepresentatives shall be composed of members 
chosen every second year by the people of the several States, and the electors 
in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most 
numerous branch of the State Legislature. 

No person shall be a representative who shall not have attained to the age 
of twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of the United States, and 
who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State in which he shall 
be chosen, 

Eepresentatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several 
States which may be included within this Union, according to their respec- 
tive numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole number of 
free persons, including those bound to service for a term of years, and ex- 
cluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all other persons. The actual 
enumeration shall be made within three years after the first meeting of the 
Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent term of ten 
years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The number of repre- 
sentatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each State 
shall have at least one representative : and until such enumeration shall be 
made, the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose three ; Massa- 
chusetts, eight ; Ehode Island and Providence Plantations, one ; Connecticut, 
five ; New York, six ; New Jersey, four ; Pennsylvania, eight ; Delaware, one ; 
Maryland, six ; Virginia, ten ; North Carolina, five ; South Carolina, five ; and 
Georgia, three. 

When vacancies happen in the representation from any State, the execu- 
tive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies. 

The House of Eepresentatives shall choose their Speaker and other offi- 
cers ; and shall have the sole power of impeachment. 

Section 3. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two 
senators from each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof, for six years ; 
and each senator shall have one vote. 

Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first elec- 
tion, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three classes. The 
seats of the senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of the 
second year; of the second class, at the expiration of the fourth year ; and of 
the third class, at the expiration of the sixth year, so that one-third may be 
chosen every second year ; and if vacancies happen by resignation, or other- 
wise, during the recess of the Legislature of any State, the executive thereof 
may make temporary appointments until the next meeting of the Legislature, 
which shall then fill such vacancies. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 313 

No person shall be a senator who shall not have attained to the age of 
thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United States, and who 
shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State for which he shall be 
chosen. 

The Vice-President of the United States shall be president of the Senate 
but shall have no vote, unless they be equally divided. 

The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a president jpro tem- 
pore, in the absence of the Vice-President, or when he shall exercise the 
office of President of the United States. 

The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. When 
sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the 
President of the United States is tried, the Chief-Justice shall preside ; and 
no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of the 
members present. 

Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to re- 
moval from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, 
trust, or profit under the United States ; but the party convicted shall never- 
theless be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment, and punishment, 
according to law. 

Section 4. The times, places, and manner of holding elections for senators 
and representatives shall be prescribed in each State by the Legislature 
thereof; but the Congress may at any time, by law, make or alter such regu- 
lations, except as to the places of choosing senators. 

. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting 
shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by law appoint a 
diflerent day. 

Sectiun 5. Each house shall be the judge of the elections, returns, and 
qualifications of its own members, and a majority of each shall constitute a 
quorum to do business ; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, 
and may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent members, in such 
manner, and under such penalties, as each house may provide. 

Each house may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its mem- 
bers for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a 
member. 

Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to time 
publish the same, excepting such parts as may in their judgment require 
secrecy, and the yeas and nays of the members of either house on any 
question shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be entered on the 
journal. 

Neither house, during the session of Congress, shall, without the consent 
of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than 
that in which the two houses shall be sitting. 

Section 6. The senators and representatives shall receive a compensation 
for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the treasury of 
the United States. They shall, in all cases except treason, felony, and 
breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at the 
session of their respective houses, and in going to and returning from the 
same ; and for any speech or debate in either house, they shall not be ques- 
tioned in any other place. 

No senator or representative shall, during the time for which he was 
elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the United 
14 



314 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

States, which shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof sshall have 
been increased, during such time ; and no person holding any office under 
the United States shall be a member of either house during his continuance 
in office. 

Section 7. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of 
Kepresentatives ; but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments as 
on other bills. 

Every bill which shall have passed the House of Eepresentatives and the 
Senate, shall, before it become a law, be presented to the President of the 
United States ; if he approve, he shall sign it ; but if not, he shall return it, 
with his objections, to that house in which it shall have originated, who shall 
enter the objections at large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. 
If, after such reconsideration, two-thirds of that house shall agree to pass the 
bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other house, by 
which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds of that 
house, it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes of both houses 
shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting 
for and against the bill shall be entered on the joui-nal of each house respec- 
tively. If any bill shall not be returned by the President within ten days 
^Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall 
be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by their 
adjournment prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law. 

Every order, resolution, or vote, to which the concurrence of the Senate 
and House of Eepresentatives may be necessary (except on a question of 
adjournment) shall be presented to the President of the United States ; and 
before the same shall take effect, shall be approved by him, or, being disap- 
proved by him, shall be repassed by two-thirds of the Senate and House of 
Representatives, according to the rules and limitations prescribed in the case 
of a bill. 

Section 8. The Congress shall have power- 
To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises, to pay the debts and 
provide for the common defence and general welfare of the United States ; 
but all duties, imposts, and excises shall be uniform throughout the United 
States ; 

To bon-ow money on the credit of the United States ; 

To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several States, 
and with the Indian tribes ; 

To establish an uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the 
subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States ; 

To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix the 
standard of weights and measures ; 

To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and current 
coin of the United States ; 

To establish post-offices and post-roads ; 

To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing, for limited 
times, to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writ- 
ings and discoveries ; 

To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court ; 

To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high-seas, 
and offences against the law of nations ; 



CONSTITUTION OF THE TJNTTED STATES. 315 

To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules con- 
cerning captures on land and water ; 

To raise and support armies, but no appropriation of money to that use 
shall be for a longer term than two years ; 

To provide and maintain ft navy ; 

To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval 
forces ; 

To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the Union, 
suppress insurrections, and repel invasions ; 

To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia, and for 
governing such part of them as maybe employed in the service of the United. 
States, reserving to the States respectively the appointment of the officers, 
and the authority of training the militia according to the discipline prescribed 
by Congress ; 

To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever over such district 
(not exceeding ten miles square) as may by cession of particular States, and 
the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the government of the United 
States, and to exercise like authority over all places purchased by the con- 
sent of the Legislature of the Stats in which the same shall be, for the erec- 
tion of foits, magazines, arsenals, dockyards, and other needful buildings ; 
and 

To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into 
execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Consti- 
tution in the government of the United States, or in any department or officer 
thereof. 

Section 9. The migration or importation of such persons as any of the 
States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by 
the Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a 
tax or duty may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars 
for each person. 

The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless 
when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it. 

No bill of attainder or ex-post-facto law shall be passed. 

No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in proportion to the 
census or enumeration hereinbeforq directed to be taken. 

No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any State. 

No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or revenue to 
the ports of oae State over those of another ; nor shall vessels bound to, or 
from, one State, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another. 

^ No money shall be drawn from the treasury but in consequence of appro- 
priations made by law ; and a regular statement and account of the receipts 
and expenditures of all public money shall be published from time to time. 

No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States ; and no person 
holding any office of profit or trust under them, shall, without the consent of 
the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office, or title, of any kind 
whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state. 

Section 10. No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confederation; 
grant letters of marque and reprisal ; coin money"; emit bills of credit ; make 
anything but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts ; pass any bill 
of attainder, ex-post-facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts, or 
grant any title of nobility. 



316 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

No State shall, -vvitliout the consent of the Congress, lay any impost or 
duties on imports or exports, exeept what may be absolutely necessary for 
executing its inspection laws ; and the net produce of all duties and imposts, 
laid by any State on imports or exports, shall be for the use of the treasury 
of the United States ; and all such laws shall be subject to the revision and 
control of the Congress. 

No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty of tonnage, 
keep troops or ships-of-war in time of peace, enter into any agreement or 
compact with another State, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless 
actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay. 

ARTICLE II. 

Section 1. The executive power shall be vested in a President of the 
United States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of four 
years, and, together with the Vice-President, chosen for the same term, be 
elected as follows : 

Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the Legislature thereof may 
direct, a number of electors, equal to the whole number of senators and 
representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress ; but no 
senator or representative, or person holding an office of trust or profit under 
the United States, shall be appointed an elector. 

[*The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot for 
two persons, of whom one at least shall not be an inhabitant of the same 
State with themselves ; and they shall make a list of all the persons voted 
for, and of the number of votes for each, which list they shall sign and cer- 
tify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United States, 
directed to the president of the Senate. The president of the Senate shall, 
in the presence of the Senate and House of Kepresentatives, open all the 
certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The person having the 
greatest number of votes shall be the President, if such number be a majority 
of the whole number of electors appointed ; and if there be more than one 
who have such majority, and have an equal number of votes, then the House 
of Eepresentatives shall immediately choose by ballot one of them for Presi- 
dent; and if no person have a majority, then from the five highest on the 
list the said House shall, in like manner, choose the President. But in 
choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by States, the representation 
from each State having one vote ; a quorutn for this purpose shall consist of 
a member or members from two-thirds of the States, and a majority of all the 
States shall be necessary to a choice. In every case, after the choice of the 
President, the person liaving the greatest number of votes of the electors 
shall be the Vice-President. But if there should remain two or more who 
have equal votes, the Senate shall choose from them by ballot the Vice- 
President.] 

The Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors, and the 
day on which they shall give their votes ; which day shall be the same 
throughout the United States. 

No person except a natural-born citizen, or a citizen of the United States 
at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the office 
of President ; neither shall any person be eligible to that office who shall 
not have attained to the age of thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a 
resident within the United States. 

In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death, resig- 

* This clause hns been superseded by the Twelfth Amendment, on p. 321. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 317 

nation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office, the 
same shall devolve on the Vice-President, and the Congress may by law pro- 
vide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or inability, both of the 
President and Vice-President, declaring what officer shall then act as Presi- 
dent ; and such officer shall act accordingly until the disability be removed, 
or a President shall be elected. 

The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services a compensa- 
tion which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the period for 
which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that period 
any other emolument from the United States, or any of them. 

Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the following 
oath or affirmation : " 1 do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully 
execute the office of President of the United States, and will, to the best of 
my ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United 
States." 

Section 2. The President shall be commander-in-chief of the army and 
navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several States, when 
called into the actual service of the United States ; he may require the opin- 
ion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of the executive departments, 
upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices ; and he 
shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for otFences against the 
United States, except in cases of impeachment. 

He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to 
make treaties, provided two-thirds of the senators present concur ; and he 
shall nominate, and by and with the advice and consent of the Senate shall 
appoint, ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, judges of the 
Supreme Court, and all other officers of the United States whose appoint- 
ments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established 
by law : but the Congress may by law vest the appointment of such inferior 
officers as they think proper, m the President alone, in the courts of law, or 
in the heads of departments. 

The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may happen 
during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions which shall expire 
at the end of their next session. 

Section 3. He shall, from time to time, give to the Congress information 
of the state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such meas- 
ures as he shall judge necessary and expedient ; he may, on extraordinary 
occasions, convene both Houses, or either of them, and in case of disagree- 
ment between them with respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn 
them to such time as he shall think proper ; he shall receive ambassadors and 
other public ministers ; he shall take care that the laws be faithfully exe- 
cuted, and shall commission all the officers of the United States. 

Section 4. The President, Vice-President, and all civil officers of the 
United States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and convic- 
tion of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. 

ARTICLE III. 

Section 1. The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one 
Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as the Congress may from time to 
time ordain and establish. The judges, both of the Supreme and inferior 
courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior, and shall, at stated 



318 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

times, receive for their services a compensation wliich sliall not be diminished 
during their continuance in office. 

Section 2. The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and equity, 
arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties 
made, or which shall be made, under their authority ; to all cases affecting 
ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls; to all cases of admiralty 
and maritime juri,-;diction ; to controversies to which the United States shall 
be a party ; to controversies between two or more States ; between a State 
and citizens of another State ; between citizens of different States ; between 
citizens of the same State claiming lands under grants of different States, and 
between a State, or the citizens thereof, and foreign States, citizens, or 
subjects. 

In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls, and 
those in which a State shall be party, the Supreme Court shall have original 
jurisdiction. In all the other cases before mentioned, the Supreme Court 
shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions 
and under such regulations as the Congress shall make. 

The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by jury ; 
and such trial shall be held in the State where the said crimes shall have 
been committed ; but when not committed within any State, the trial shall 
be at such place or places as the Congress may by law have directed. 

Section 3. Treason against the United States shall consist only in levying 
war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and 
comfort. 

No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testunony of two 
witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court. 

The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason, but 
no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture, except 
during the life of the person attainted. 

ARTICLE IV. 

Section 1. Full faith and credit shall be given in each State to the public 
acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other State; and the Congress 
may by general laws prescribe the manner in Avhich such acts, records, and 
proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof. 

Section 2. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privileges and 
immunities of citizens in the several States. 

A person charged in any State with treason, felony, or other crime, who 
shall flee from justice, and be found in another State, shall, on demand of 
the executive authority of the State from which he fled, be delivered up to be 
removed to the State having jurisdiction of the crime. 

No person held to service or labor in one State, under the laws thereof, 
escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein, 
be discharged from such service or labor, but shall be delivered up on claim 
of the party to whom such service or labor may be due. 

Section 3. New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union ; 
but no new State shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any 
other State ; nor any State be formed by the junction of two or more States, 
or parts of States, without the consent of the Legislatures of the States con- 
cerned, as well as of the Congress. 

The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful rules 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 319 

and regulations respecting the territory or other property belonging to the 
United States ; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to 
prejudice any claims of the United States, or of any particular State. 

Section 4. The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union 
a republican form of government, and shall protect each of them against 
invasion, and on application of the Legislature, or of the executive (when the 
Legislature cannot be convened) against domestic violence. 

ARTICLE V. 

The Congress, -whenever two-thirds of both houses shall deem it neces- 
sary, shall propose amendments to this Constitution, or, on the application of 
the Legislatures of two-thirds of the several States, shall call a convention for 
proposing amendments, which, in either case, shall be valid to all intents 
and purposes, as part of this Constitution, when ratified by the Legislatures 
of three-fourths of the several States, or by conventions in three-fourths 
thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the 
Congress ; provided that no amendment Avhich may be made prior to the 
year one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any manner affect the 
first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article ; and that no 
State, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate. 

ARTICLE VL 
' All debts contracted, and engagements entered into, before the adoption 
of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this 
Constitution, as under the confederation. 

This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be made 
in pursuance thereof; and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under 
the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land; and 
the judges in every State shall be bound thereby, anything in the Constitution 
or laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding. 

The senators and representatives before mentioned, and the members of 
the several State Legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers, both of 
the United States and of the several States, shall be bound by oath or affinna- 
tion to support this Constitution ; but no religious test shall ever be required 
as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United States. 

ARTICLE VII. 
The ratification of the conventions of nine States shall be sufficient for the 
establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the same. 

Done in convention, by the unanimous consent of the States present, 
the seventeenth day of September, in the year of our Lord one thou- 
sand seven hundred and eighty-seven, and of the independence of 
the United States of America the twelfth. 
In witness whereof, we have hereunto subscribed our names. 

GEORGE WASHINGTON, 
President^ and Deputy from Virginia, 

{Signed ly Deputies from all the States except Rhode Island.) 



320 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



The Constitution was adopted "by the Convention, September 17, 1T87, 
and was ratified by conventions of the several States at the folloAving dates, 
viz. : — 



Delaware, 


December 7, 


1787. 


South Carolina, 


May 23, 


1788. 


Pennsylvania, 


December 12, 


1787. 


New Hampshire, 


June 21, 


1788. 


New Jersey, 


December 18, 


1787. 


Virginia, 


June 26, 


1788. 


Georgia, 


January 2, 


1788. 


New York, 


July 26, 


1788. 


Connecticut, 


January 9, 


1788. 


North Carolina, 


Nov. 21, 


1789. 


Massachusetts, 


February 6, 


1788. 


Khode Island, 


May 29, 


1790. 


Maryland, 


April 28, 


1788. 









ARTICLES 



IN ADDITION TO, AND AMENDMENT OF, 

THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES, 

Proposed hy Congress, and ratified hy the Legislatures of 
the several States, pursuant to the Fifth Article of the 
foregoing Goiistltiition. 

ARTICLE I. 
Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or 
prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or 
of the press, or of the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to peti- 
tion the government for a redress of grievances. 

ARTICLE 11. 
A well-regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free State, 
the right of the people to keep and bear aims shall not be infringed. 

ARTICLE III. 

No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house, without the 
consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed 
by law. 

ARTICLE IV. 

The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and 
effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and 
no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or 
affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the 
persons or things to be seized. 

ARTICLE V. 
No person shall be held to answer for a capital or otherwise infamous 
crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand-jury, except in 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 321 

cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual 
service in time of war or public danger ; nor shall any person be subject for 
the same oflfence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb ; nor shall be 
compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be 
deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law ; nor shall 
private property be taken for public use without just compensation. 

ARTICLE VI. 

In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy 
and public trial, by an unpartial jury of the State and district wherein the 
crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously 
ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusa- 
tion ; to be confronted with the witnesses against him ; to have compidsory 
process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of 
counsel for his defence. 

ARTICLE VII. 

In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed 
twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried 
by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any Court of the United States 
than according to the rules of the common law. 

ARTICLE VIII. 

Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor 
cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. 

ARTICLE IX. 
The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be con- 
strued to deny or disparage others retained by the people. 

ARTICLE X. 

The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor 
prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to 
the people. 

ARTICLE XL 

The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend 
to any suit in law or equity commenced or prosecuted against one of the 
United States by citizens of another State, or by citizens or subjects of any 
foreign State. 

ARTICLE XIL 

The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot for 
President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabi- 
tant of the same State with themselves ; they shall name in their ballots the 
person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as 
Vice-President, and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as 
President, and of all persons voted for as Vice-President, and of the number 
of votes for each, which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed 
to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the president 
of the Senate ;— The president of the Senate shall, in presence of the Senate 
and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall 



322 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

then be counted ; — The person having the greatest number of votes for Presi- 
dent, shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole num- 
ber of electors appointed ; and if no person have such majority, then from 
the persons having the highest numbers not exceeding three on the list of 
those voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose im- 
mediately, by ballot, the President. But in choosing the President, the 
votes shall be taken by States, the representation from each State having one 
vote ; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from 
two-thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States sliall be necessary to 
u choice. And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a President, 
whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day 
of March next following, then the Vice-President shall act as President, as in 
the case of the death or other constitutional disability of the President. The 
person having the greatest number of votes as Vice-President, shall be the 
Vice-President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors 
appointed; and if no person have a majority, then from the two highest 
numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the Vice-President ; a quorum 
for the purpose shall consist of two-thii'ds of the whole number of Senators, 
and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But no 
person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to 
that of Vice-President of the United States. 

ARTICLE XIIT. 

Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punish- 
ment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist 
within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. 

Sectiox 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this Article by appropri- 
ate legislation. 

ARTICLE XIV. 

Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States and sub 
ject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the 
State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which 
shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States ; 
nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without 
due process of law ; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal 
protection of the laws. 

Section 2. Representatives shall be appointed among the several States 
according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons 
in each State, excluding Indians not taxed ; but when the right to vote at any 
election for the choice of electors for President and Vice-President of the 
United States, representatives in Congress, the executive and judicial offi- 
cers of a State, or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any 
of the male inhabitants of such State (being twenty -one years of age and 
citizens of the United States), or in any way abridged, except for participation 
in rebellion or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be re- 
duced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to 
the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in said State. 

Section 3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or 
Elector, or President, or Vice-President, or hold any office, civil or military, 
under the United States, or under any State, who, having previously taken 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



323 



an oath as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a 
member of any State Legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any 
State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in 
insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the 
enemies thereof; but Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of each House, 
remove such disability. 

Section 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized 
by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties, for 
services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned ; but 
neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obli- 
gation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, 
or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave. But all such debts, 
obligations, and claims, shall be held illegal and void. 

Section 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate 
legislation, the provisions of this Article. 

ARTICLE XV. 

Section 1. The right of the citizens of the United States to vote shall not 
be denied or abridged by the United States, or by any State, on account of 
race, color, or previous condition of servitude. 

Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this Article by 
appropriate legislation. 




Great Seal of the United States. 



Adopted by the Continental Congress, June 20, 1782. 
Readopted by the Federal Congress, Sept. 15, 1789. 



INDEX 



Acadia, 55 ; ceded to England, 102. 

Adams, John, 199 ; administration of, 207. 

Adams, John Qiiincy, 231 ; his administra- 
tion, as president, 236. 

Adams, Samuel, 127, 131. 

Alabama, sunk by the Kearsarge, 285. 

Alabama Claims, 296. 

Alaska, purchase of, 295. 

Algiers, war with, 230. 

Allen, Ethan, 141. 

Allouez, 81. 

America, discovery of, 12 ; its name, 14. 

American Part}% 261. 

Amerigo Yespuccl, 15. 

Andre, Major, 182, 183. 

Andros, Sir Edmund, in New York, 92 ; in 
New England, 94 ; in Virginia, 99. 

Antietam, battle of, 277. 

Anti-renters, in New York, 243. 

Appomattox C. II., surrender at, 289. 

Arkansas Post, capture of, 280. 

Arnold, Benedict, 142, 145, 156, 163, 164; 
his treason, 182 ; his subsequent career, 
183. 

Atlanta, capture of, 283. 

Aztecs, the, 32. 

Bacon's Rebellion, 86. 

Balboa, 27, 28. 

Ball's Bluff, battle of, 268. 

Baltimore, Lord, 72. City of, laid out, 99 ; 

British attack on, 227. 
Bank, of North America, 177; United 

States, 201, 230, 240, 243. 
Banks, Gen., 2S0, 283. 
Beauregard, Gen., 265. 
Belmont, battle of, 269. 
Bennington, battle of, 162. 
Bentonsville, battle of, 287. 
Berkeley, Sir William, 79. 



Biddle, Commodore, 174, 

Big Bethel, battle of, 267. 

Big Black Eiver Bridge, battle of, 280. 

Black IIawk"s War, 238. 

Bladensburg, battle of, 227 

Bolivar, Simon, 234. 

Boston, founding of, 01 ; destruction of tea 

in, 131 ; Port Bill, 132 ; evacuation of, by 

the British, 149 ; great fire of, 296. 
Boston Massacre, 130. 
Braddock's Campaign, 114. 
Brandy wine, battle of, 165. 
Brazil, discovery of, 27. 
Brown, Gen. Jacob, 223. 
Brown, John, raid of, 262. 
Buchanan, James, 246; administration of, 

262. 
Buena Vista, battle of, 249. 
Bull Run, first battle of, 267; second battle 

of, 276. 
Bunker Hill, battle of, 144. 
Burgoyne, campaign of, 160-165. 
Burnside, Gen., 273, 277. 
Burr, Aaron, 207, 208. 

Cabots, 26. 

Calhoun, John C, 223, 235, 2.36, 237, 258. 

Califcrnia, discovery of gold in, 255. 

Calvert, Cecil, 72 ; Leonard, 72. 

Camden, battle of, 180. 

Canada, Montgomery's invasion of, 145 ; 
Wilkinson's invasions of, 221, 223 ; in- 
surrection in, 241 ; Dominion of, 303. 

Cape Breton, conquest of, 120. 

Carnifex Ferry, battle of, 267. 

Carolina, settlement of, SO. 

Carrick's Ford, battle of, 207. 

Cartier, discoveries of, 36. 

Cedar Creek, battle of, 285. 

Cedar Mountain, battle of, 276. 



326 



INDEX. 



Centennial Exhibition, the, 300. 

Central America, colonization of, 85; re- 
publics of, 235, 

Cerro Gordo, battle of, 252. 

Champion's Hill, battle of, 280, 

Champlain, 55, 

Chancellors ville, battle of, 279, 

Chantilly, battle of, 276. 

Cbapultepec, battle of, 25:3. 

Charles City Cross Koads, battle of, 276. 

Charleston, founding of, SO ; attack of the 
British on, in 1776, 149 ; taken by the 
British, 177; recovered by the Amer- 
icans, 193 ; in the Civil War, 265, 281 ; 
surrender of, 288. 

Chattanooga, 282, 283, 

Cherokees, war with the, 124 ; their re- 
moval to Indian Territory, 239, 

Cherry Valley, massacre of, 171. 

Chicago, rapid growth of, 296; great fire 
of, 296. 

Chicl^amauga, battle of, 282. 

Chippewa, battle of, 224. 

Chryslers Field, battle of, 221. 

Churubusco, battle of, 253. 

Civil War, the, 264-289 ; results of, 293. 

Clay, Henry, 222, 234, 236, 237, 246, 257, 258, 

Clinton, De Witt, 232, 236. 

Clinton, Gen , 165, 169, 177, 198. 

Clinton, George, 20S, 211, 

Coal, discovery of, 205, 

Cold Harbor, battle of, 284, 

Columbus, voyages of, 11, 12, 13 ; adminis- 
tration of, 13. 

Concord, battle of, 139. 

Confederacy, formation of the, 263, 

Confederation, Articles of, 196. 

Congress, first Continental, 133; second 
Continental, 142 ; organization of the 
Federal, 200. 

Connecticut, settlement of, 67 ; its charter 
demanded by Andros, 94. 

Constitution of the United States, 197, 312. 

Continental Money, 176. 

Contreras, battle of, 252. 

Cornwallis, Lord, 152, 155, 158, 165; in 
Carolina, 178, 180, 187 ; in Virginia, 189; 
surrender of, 191. 

Cotton-gin, invention of the, 205. 

Cowpens, battle of the, 185, 

Credit Mobilier, 297. 



Creek War, 221. 
Crown Point, 115, 121, 142, 156. 
Cuba, discovery of, 12 ; colonized, 14 
Custer, Gen., last battle of, 301. 

Da Gama, Vasco, 26, 

Dallas, battle of, 283. 

Davis, Jefferson, president of the Confed- 
eracy, 263; capture of, 293. 

Davis, John, voyages of, 41. 

Dearborn, Gen., 213, 221. 

Deatonsville, battle of, 289. 

Decatur, Lieutenant, 208, 230. 

Declaration of Independence, the Mecklen- 
burg, 140 ; by the Continental Congress, 
151; 809, 

Deerfleld, massacre at, 101. 

De Gourgues, 37. 

De Kalb, arrival of, 160 ; fall of, ISO. 

Delaware, origin of, 91. 

Delaware, Lord, in Virginia, 45. 

De Leon, Ponce, 29. 

De Narvaez, 29. 

De Soto, expedition of, 30. 

D'Estaing, at Newport, 169 ; at Savannah, 
173. 

Doniphan, Colonel, 250. 

Dorr's Rebellion, 243. 

Draft, the, in the Civil War, 280. 

Drake, Sir Francis, 39, 40. 

"Dred Scott" decision, 262. 

Dustin, Hannah, 97. 

Dutch, maritime enterprise of the, 51 ; set- 
tlements, 53. 

Early, Gen., his invasion of Maryland, 284. 

Eliot, John, 76. 

Emancipation Proclamation, 278. 

Esquimaux, the, 24. 

Eutaw Springs, battle of, 189. 

Everett, Edward, 269. 

Fair Oaks, battle of, 275. 

Farragut, Admiral, 274, 285. 

Fillmore, Millard, 255 ; his administration, 

258. 
Fisher's Hill, battle of, 285, 
Fishing Creek, battle of, 181, 
Fitch, John, 209. 

Flag, adoption of the national, 159. 
Florida, explorations of, 29 ; ceded by Spain 



INDEX. 



327 



to England, 124; ceded back by Eng- 
land, 193 ; purchase of, 233. 

Fort Clinton, 1G5. 

Fort Dearborn, abandoned, 214. 

Fort Donelson. capture of, 271. 

Fort Du Quesne, taken by Washington, 120. 

Fort Erie, 224, 225. 

Fort Fisher, capture of, 287. 

Fort George, 218, 221. 

Fort Henry, capture of, 271. 

Fort McAllister, capture of, 286. 

Fort Meigs, siege of, 217. 

Fort Mercer, taken by the British, 166. 

Fort Mifflin, taken by the British, 166. 

Fort Montgomery, taken by Clinton, 165. 

Fort Pillow, 272, 2S3. 

Fort Pulaski, capture of, 273. 

Fort Schuyler, defence of, 162. 

Fort Stephenson, defence of, 218. 

Fort Sumter, fall of, 265. 

Fort Washington, capture of, 154. 

Fort William Henry, capture of, 118. 

France, aid received from, 160; independ- 
ence of the States recognized by, 168. 

Frankhn, Benjamin, 113, 197. 

Franklin, Tenn., battle of, 286. 

Fredericksburg (Va.), battle of, 277. 

Fremont, John C, 251, 261. 

French and Indian War, 111-124. 

Frobisher, voyages of, 40. 

Frontenac, governor of New France, 97. 

Fulton, Eobert, 209. 

Gadsden purchase, the, 259. 

Gage, Gen., governor of Massachusetts, 182. 

Gaines's Mill, battle of, 275. 

Gansevoort, Colonel, 162. 

Gates, Gen., at Stillwater, 163 ; at Camden, 
ISO. 

Genet, minister of France, 204. 

Georgia, founding of, 102. 

Germantown, battle of, 166. 

Gettysburg, battle of, 279. 

Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, 40. 

Gorges, 65. 

Grant, Gen., 271, 279, 2S3; his administra- 
tion, as president, 295-302. 

Greeley, Horace, 296. 

Greene, Gen., l.*)2, supersedes Gates, 180, 
185 ; his famous retreat, 187. 

Guadalupe Hidalgo, Treaty of, 253. 



Guatemozin, 83. 

Guilford Court-House, battle of, 187. 

Hadley, surprise of, 84. 

Hamilton, Alexander, 154, 201, 208. 

Hanging Rock, battle of, ISO. 

Harmer, Gen., defeat of, 202. 

Harrison, Gen., 211 ; his campaign in Ohio, 
216; at the Thames, 220; his adminis- 
tration, 242. 

Hartford Convention, 230 

Hawkins, Sir John, voyages of, 89. 

Hayes, Rutherford B., election of, 302. 

Hennepin, 82. 

Henry, Patrick, 128, 134 ; death of, 207. 

Herkimer, Gen., 162. 

Hessians, 150, 158. 

Hispaniola, discovery of, 12. 

Hobkirk's Hill, battle of, 188. 

Hooker, Gen., 278. 

Howe, Gen., supersedes Gage, 148 ; oflFers 
peace, 152; takes Philadelphia, 166; 
gives way to Gen. Clinton, 168. 

Hudson, Henry, discoveries of, 52. 

Hull, Gen., his surrender, 213. 

Hutchinson, Ann, 63. 

Indians, the, origin of, 14 ; description of, 

19-24. 
Island No. 10, capture of, 272. 
luka, battle of, 278. 

Jackson, Andrew, 206, 228, 233; his ad- 
ministration, as president, 236-240. 

Jackson (Miss.), battle of, 280. 

Jackson, " Stonewall," 275, 279. 

Jamaica, discovery of, 13; taken by the 
English, 100. 

Jamestown, founding of, 43. 

Japan, opened by Commodore Perry, 260. 

Jay, John, 204. 
I Jefferson, Thomas, 203 ; administration of, 
208-210. 

Johnson, Andrew, administration of, 292- 
295 ; Impeachment of, 294. 

Joliet, 82. 

Jones, Paul, 159, 174. 

Kansas, 260 ; troubles in, 261. 
Kenesavv Mountain, battle of, 283. 
Kentucky, first settled, 135 ; admitted, 206. 



328 



INDEX. 



Kidd, Captain, 100. 
King George's War, 107. 
King I hilip's War, 83-85. 
King's Mountain, battle of, 181. 
King William's War, 96. 
Knoxville, siege of, 2S2. 
Kosciusko, 160, 163, 1T2. 

Lafayette, arrival of, 160; at Monmouth, 
161); in Virginia, 190; visit of, 235. 

Lake Erie, battle of, 219. 

Lake George, Dieskau's defeat at, 116. 

La Salle, 82. 

Lee, Gen. Charles, 149, 154. 

Lee, Gen. Eobert E., 275; his first inva- 
sion of Maryland, 276; his second in- 
vasion, 279 ; surrender of, 239. 

Lexington (Mass.), battle of, 139. 

Lexington (Mo.), battle of, 269. 

Lincaln, Gen., 173, 177. 

Lincoln, President, administration of, 2G1 ; 
assassination of, 2S9. 

Long Island, battle of, 152. 

Lookout Mountain, battle of, 232. 

Loudoun, Lord, 117, 118. | 

Loiiisburg, capture of, 107, 120. j 

Louisiana, explored and named, 82 ; Mis- 
sissippi Scheme, 105 ; ceded by France 
to Spain, 124 ; purchase of, 208; political 
troubles in, 297. 

Lundy's Lane, battle of, 224. 

Madison, James, his administration, 211. 

Magellan, voyage of, 28. 

Magnetic telegraph, the, 246. 

Maine, settlement of, 65; incorporated in 
Massachusetts Bay Colony, 95. 

Malvern Hill, battle of, 276. 

Marion, 178, 181. 

Marquette, 82. 

Maryland, settlement of, 72 ; a royal prov- 
ince, 99 ; its capital changed, 99. 

Mason and Dixon's Line, 91. 

Mason and Slidell, seizure of, 270. 

Massachusetts Bay Colony, 61 . 

Massasoit, 58. 

McClellan, Gen., 267; succeeds Gen. Scott, 
263 ; his Peninsular Campaign, 274. 

McCrea, Jane, tragical fate of, 161. 

Meade, Gen., 279, 283. 

Mechanicsville, battle of, 276. 



Melendez, 37. 

Mexican War, 24S-256. 

Mexico, conquest of, 31 ; condition of, under 
Spanish viceroys, 100 ; insurrections in, 
245; its independence established, 245; 
a republic, 245; war with the United 
States, 246-253 ; capture of the capital 
by Gen. Scott, 253 ; Maximilian in, 302. 

Mill Springs, battle of, 270. 

Minisink, burned by Brant, 171. 

Minuit, administration of, 53. 

Missionary Kidge, battle of, 2S2. 

Mississippi, first settled, 104. 

Missouri Compromise, 234. 

Modoc War, 297. 

Molino del Pvcy, battle of, 253. 

Monitor and Virginia, encounter of, 273. 

Monmouth, battle of, 163. 

Monocacy, battle of the, 234. 

Monroe, James, his administration, 231. 

Montcalm, 117. 

Monterey, capture of, 249. 

Montezuma, 33. 

Montgomery, Gen. Kichard, 145. 

Montreal, founded, 81. 

Morgan, Gen., 145, 146, 163, 164, 185; re- 
treat of, through Carolina, 136, 187. 

Morgan's raid, 281. 

Mormons, the, 244. 

Morse, Samuel F. B., 246, 300. 

Mound-builders, the, 16 ; relics of, 17. 

Munfordsville, battle of, 273. 

Murfreesboro, battle of, 278. 

Nashville, battle near, 286. 

New Brunswick, conquest of, 117. 

New England, life in, 70 ; United Colonies 
of, 75 ; witchcraft in, 98. 

New France, 36, 55, 81. 

New Hampshire, settlement of, 65. 

New Haven, colony of, 69. 

New Netherland, 53; under Kieft, 77; 
conquered by the English, 77. 

New Orleans, founded, 105 ; battle of, 229 ; 
capture of, 274. 

Newport, founded, 64 ; taken by the Brit- 
ish, 156 ; American attack on, 169. 

New Sweden, 73. 

New York, why so called, 77 ; early times 
in, 79; under Andros, 92; under Don- 
gan, 93 ; under Leisler, 93 ; under 



INDEX. 



329 



Fletcher, 93 ; abandoned to the British, 

153 ; evacuation of, 195. 
Ninety-Six, siege of, 188. 
Norsemen, discoveries of the, 8. 
Nullification in South Carolina, 237. 

Oglethorpe, James Edward, 102. 
Ohio, first settlement of, 202. 
Omnibus Bill, 257. 
Oriskany, battle of, 1G2. 
Osceola, 239. 
Otis, James, 127. 

Pacific, discovery of the, 27. 

Pacific Eailroad, 295. 

Pakenham, Gen., 229. 

Palo Alto, battle of, 24S. 

Patroon system, 54. 

Pea Kidge, battle of, 272. 

Penn, William. 89. 

Pennsylvania, founding of, 89. 

Pequod War, 68, 69. 

Perry, Commodore, on Lake Erie, 219. 

Perryville, battle of, 278. 

Peru, conquest of, 35. 

Petersburg, siege of, 284, 285 ; capture of, 
288. 

Philadelphia, founded, 90 ; taken by Howe, 
166; evacuated by the British, 168. 

Phihppi, battle of, 267. 

Phipps, Sir William, 95, 97. 

Pierce, President, his administration, 259. 

Pike, Gen., his capture of York, 217. 

Pizarro, 34. 

Plattsburg, battle of, 226. 

Pleasant Hill, battle of, 2?3. 

Plymouth, Council of, 56 ; landing at, 58 ; 
colony of, 5S-G0 ; incorporated in Mas- 
sachusetts Bay Colony, 95. 

Pocahontas, 44, 46. 

Polk, James K., his administration, 246. 

Pontiac''s War, 124. 

Pope, Gen., 272, 276. 

"Popular sovereignty" discussion, 260. 

Powhatan, 43, 44. 

Princeton, battle of, 158. 

Proctor, Gen., 216, 217, 220. 

Providence, founding of, 63. 

Pulaski, arrival of, 160 ; fall of, 173. 

Puritans, 57, 69. 

Putnam, Gen., 140, 152, 154. 



Quakers, in New England, 76 ; in New Jer- 
sey, 88. 
Quebec, founded, 55 ; taken by Wolfe, 122. 
Queen Anne's AVar, 101. 
Queenstown, battle of, 215. 

Eailroads, early days of, in the U. S., 241. 

Ealeigh, Sir Walter, 41. 

Eawdon, Lord, 188. 

Eaymond, battle of, 280. 

Eeconstruction, 293. 

Eed Elver Expedition, 283, 

Eegulators, the; 131. 

Eesaca, batt e of, 283. 

Eesaca de la Palma, battle of, 248. 

Eevolutionary War, 189-195. 

Ehode Island, settlement of, 63. 

Eibault, 87. 

Eichmond (Ky.), battle of, 278. 

Eichmond, Va., 192, 266 ; capture of, 288. 

Eich Mountain, battle of, 267. 

Eoanoke Island, settlements on, 41, 42 ; 

capture of, in the Civil War, 273. 
Eochambeau, 190. 
Eomney, battle of, 267. 
Eosecrans, Gen., 267, 278, 282. 

Sabine Cross Eoads, battle of, 2S3. 

San Jacinto, battle of, 245. 

San Salvador, discovery of, 12. 

Santa Anna, 245, 250, 252. 

Saratoga, surrender of, 165. 

Savage's Station, battle of, 276. 

Savannah, founded, 103; captured by the 
I British, 173; recovered by the Amer- 
icans, 193; evacuated by the Confed- 
erates, 286. 

Saybrook, colony of, 67 ; absorbed, 69. 

Schenectady, massacre at, 97. 

Schuyler, Gen., 161, 163. 

Scott, Gen., 215, 223 ; his victory at Lun- 
dj'^s Lane, 224 ; his campaign in Mexico, 
251 ; nominated for the presidenc}', 259; 
in the Civil War, 266 ; retires from com- 
mand, 268, 

Secession of eleven states, 263, 265, 289, 

Seminole War, first, 233 ; second. 239. 

Seward, William H., 264, 289, 300. 

Shays\s Eebellion, 196. 

Sheridan, Gen., 2S5, 288. 

Sherman, Gen. William T., 283 ; his march 



330 



INDEX. 



to the seaboard, 2S6; his campaign in 
the Caroliuas, 287. 

Shiloh, battle of, 272. 

Sioux War, of 1S76, 301. 

Slavery, introduced into Virginia, 48; in 
New Netherland, 54 ; in New England, 
76 ; discussions respecting, 257 ; aboli- 
tion of, in the United States, 293. 

Slave-trade, abolition of the, 210. 

Smith, Captain John, 43. 

South America, discovery of, 13. 

South American Republics, 234. 

South Mountain, battle of, 276. 

Spottsylvania C. II., battle of, 2S4. 

Stamp Act, the, 123-130. 

Stark, Gen., 140, 162. 

St. Clair, Gen., 160, 202. 

Steuben, Baron, arrival of, 163. 

Stillwater, battles of, 163, 164. 

St. Leger, expedition of, 161. 

Stony Point, captured by Clinton, 172 ; 
captured by Wayne, 172. 

Stuyvesant, Peter, 77. 

Sullivan, Gen., 152, 169 ; Indian expedition 
of, 171. 

Sumter, ISO. 

Tarleton, Colonel, 177, 181, 185. 

Taylor, Gen. Zachary, 239, 246; campaign 
in Mexico, 248 ; administration of, 256. 

Tecumseh, 211, 217, 220. 

Telegraph, invention of the, 246 ; the At- 
lantic, 262. 

Tennessee, first settled, 131 ; admitted, 206. 

Texas, annexation of, 245. 

Thames, battle of the, 220, 

Ticonderoga, repulse of Abercrombie at, 
119 ; taken by Amherst, 121 ; capture 
of, by Ethan Allen, 141 ; capture of, by 
Burgoyne, 160. 

Tippecanoe, battle of, 211. 

Trenton, battle of, 156; Cornwallis out- 
generalled at, 158. 

Tripolitan War, 203. 

Tryon, Governor, in North Carolina, 131 ; 
in New York, 147 ; in Connecticut, 172, 

Tyler, John, 242 ; his administration, 243. 

Valley Forge, 166, 168. 
Van Buren, Martin, 237, 239 ; his adminis- 
tration, as president, 240-242. 



Vera Cruz, capture of, 251. 

Vermont, admission of, 206. 

Verplanck's Point, capture ot* 172. 

Verrazzani, 36. 

Vicksburg, ca{iture of, 280. 

Virginia, origin of its name, 41 ; first set- 
tlement of, 43 ; first General Assembly 
of, 47; negro slavery introduced into, 
48; Indian massacre in, 48; a royal 
province, 49 ; under Berkeley, 79 ; un- 
der Culpepper, 87 ; under Andros, 99 ; 
the capital changed, 99. 

War of 1812, 213-231. 

Warren, Dr. Joseph, 145. 

Washington, youth of, 108; his mission to 
th« French forts, 110; in Braddock's 
camp.iign, 115; marriage of, 120; as- 
sumes command at Cambridge, 147 ; 
his retreat across New Jersey, 1 55 ; at 
Monmouth, 169; surrenders his com- 
mission, 196 ; administration of, as 
president, 199-206 ; death o^ 207. 

Washington City, burning of the public 
buildings of, 227. 

Wayne, Gen., 172, 202. 

Waynesboro, battle of, 288. 

Webster, Daniel, 223, 243, 258. 

Wesley, John and Charles, in Georgia, 103. 

Western Continent, described, 6, 7. 

West Point, Arnold's treason at, 182. 

Whiskey Rebellion, 204. 

White-Oak Swamp, battle of, 276. 

White Plains, battle of, 154. 

Wilderness, battle of the, 284. 

Williams, Roger, 62. 

Williamsburg, battle of, 275. 

Wilmington, N. C, capture of, 287. 

Wilmot Proviso, the, 255. 

Wilson's Creek, battle of, 269. 

Winchester, battle of, 285. 

Witchcraft in New England, 98. 

Wolfe, capture of Quebec by, 123. 

WoodhuU, Gen., 153. 

Wool, Gen., 21.5, 241. 

Writs of Assistance, 127. 

Wyoming, massacre of, 170. 

York, Canada, capture of, 217. 
Yorktown, surrender at, 191 ; siege of, in 
the Civil War, 275. 



D. APPLET ON iSo CO:S PUBLICATIONS. 



\_Sj<ecimen Engraving.'] 



Illustrated School History of the World, 

FROM THE EARLIEST AGES TO THE PRESENT TIME. 

By J. D. aUACKENBOS, A. M., M. D. 

1 vol., 12mo, 473 pages. 

This new School History is written in a style that is a model of clear- 
ness, eloquence, and elegant condensation. 

It is not a mere record of wars, but portrays as well the social life 
of the nations, ancient, mediaeval, and modem, their progress in science, 
literature, and the arts, discovery, invention, and civilization. 

It leaves insignificant details and 
repulsive statistics out of view, but 
presents all that is of real consequence, 
dealing, in fact, with many interest- 
ing parts of the world's annals which 
have been heretofore comparatively 
overlooked. 

It condenses the whole history of 
the past into a moderate-sized vol- 
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the course of the ordinary school year. 
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light of the most recent discoveries. 

It brings down the history of every 
country to the present year, with in- 
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It is profusely illustrated with ar- 
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from spirited designs, in which the 
truth of history is rigidly preserved. 

It is full of pleasant stories, which 
relieve the narrative, while some- 
times they give a more vivid view of 
men and manners than Avhole pages 
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It is adapted to every school, public or private, in which General 
History is taught. 

Eveiy possible device has been resorted to, in order to make this 
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Egvptian Obelisk. 



D. APPLETON & CO:S PUBLICATIONS. 

Quackenbos's History of the World. 

FOR SCHOOLS OF EVEFvY GPvADE. 

Magnificaitly illustrated with Colored Maps and Engravings. 

By J. D. QUACKENBOS, A. M., M. D. 

12mo, 473 pages. 

The clearest, freshest, best arranged, best condensed, 
most beautiful, and most interesting School History of 
the World ever published. Profusely illustrated ; inter- 
spersed with pleasant stories ; brought down to the pres- 
ent year ; a record of manners and social life, literature 
and civilization, no less than of wars and conquests. 
Winning golden opinions everywhere. Just what is 
needed to imbue the pupil with an enthusiastic love for 
the study of history. 

"It is a difficult task to compress, Avithin 500 pages of large tj'pe, anything like a 
comprehensible account of 6,000 years of history. J think Dr. Quackenboa has done 
the thing as well as it can be rfo«e."— Eev. Howard Crosby, D. D., Chanc. K. Y. 
Umversltij. 

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any one of the kind to be compared with it. Its great merit is in its selection of 
leading points having the most interest for the youthful student, and in its judicious 
arrangement. It is, in short, a well-studied, instructive book, admirably adapted to 
promote the true end of such a manual."— Prof. Tayler Lewis, Union College. 

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needed in such a work — clearness and conciseness of statement, an easy style, and the 
judicious selection of prominent events."— Hon. Hamilton Fish. 

"The style is clear, and the story is made attractive throughout. I shall recom- 
mend it for adoption in our College."— Rt. Rev. Bishop Vail, of Kansas. 

" It is rare, even in these days when the art of book -making has reached so high a 
state of perfection, to find or. book containing so many excellences.^''—^. A. Ellis, 
Supt. Schools, Rochester', JV. Y. 

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'•'•An admirable school-book, giving a clear outline of the story of the human race 
from the outset of its career to the present time, relating the salient events, sketching 
the chief characters, and indicating the leading principles which have guided the prog- 
ress of affairs from cause to effect."— Rev. Dr. Geo. F. Seymour, Dean Theo. Sem. 

" After three months' trial in class use, I find it one of the best books to keep up the 
interest ofaclassl have ever used."— O. E. Haven, Supt. Schools, Evanston, 111. 

ii 



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Illustrated Lessons in our Language. 

DESIGNED 

To teach children English Granunar withont its technicalities, in a 

commofi-sense way — ifitelligently, thoroughly, attractively. 

By G. P. QUACKENBOS, LL. T)., 

AUTHOR OF "FIRST LESSONS IN COMPOSITION," "RHETORIC," ETC, 

16mo, ISO pages. 

"A student who g-oes carefully throug-h this little book will 
understand the construction of the English sentence better, and 
be readier at correct speech and writing-, than if he had studied 
liindley Murray or Gooid Brown for three years."— iV^ Y. Daily Times. 




THE BOOK on Language. De- 
velops the subject by object-lessons on 
pictures. Does away with the formi- 
dable legion of inflections and conju- 
gations, observations and exceptions. 
Substitutes for dry verbal parsing an 
ingenious course of inductive Exer- 
cises, which none can go through with- 
out learning how to handle language. Deals, in a new and improved 
practical way, with the principles of correct expression, analysis, punc- 
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iii 



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Elementary History of the United States. 

By G. P. QUACKENBOS, LL. D. Beautifully illustrated with En, 
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Beginners who need an easy and interesting introduction to the study 
of History, will find all that could be desired in this elegant little volunie. 
The wants of Primary Schools have been particularly consulted in its prep- 
aration. It may be used independently, or to precede the more extended 
course in the author's " Illustrated School History of the United States." 

The aim in these pages is to present the history of our country so 
clearly and attractively that it may be studied with profit at a very early 
age. A perspicuous style, a natural arrangement, and short sentences 
embodying a single fact, will be found the chief characteristics of the 
work. Truthful anecdotes ai-e interspersed throughout. 

To please the eye of the young, as well as awaken thought, numerous 
engravings, executed in the finest style of the art, have been introduced. 
We take a few extracts from our letters, to show how this admirable little 
volume has been received : 



T. W. Bicknell, Princ. High School, 
Bristol, R. I. : " After a thorough re- 
view of Quackenbos's Primary History 
of the United States, I find it to be aU 
that you claim for it ; the style clear and 
simple, the narrative entertaining, and 
the whole exactly what is needed for 
primary classes in history. It fills a 
vacuum heretofore existing in this de- 
partment of knowledge, of such \ital 
importance to every American youth." 

A.. J. Vawter, Supt. of Schools, La 
Fayette, Ind. : " It seems to bo the thing 
for the little folks. I put it into the 
liands of my little boy, and he scarcely 
rested till he had read it through." 



Miron J. Hazeltine, Princ. of Clin- 
ton Institute, New York City: "Dur- 
ing an experience of fifteen years in 
teaching, I can truly say that I have 
never met an elementary work on the 
subject so judiciouslj^ selected, so pleas- 
antly arranged, and in all respects so 
completely adapted to the progress 
of the young pupil and the satisfac- 
tion of the teacher in actual practice, 
as this." 

J. Fairbanks, Supt. of Schools. St. 
Mary's, Ohio : " I am much pleased with 
it. Any thing coming from Quackenbos 
thus far, that I have examined, is th^ 
right thing in the right place.'''' 



D. APPLETON <h CO:S PUBLICATIONS. 

Advanced Course of Composition and 
Khetoric. 

A Series of Practical Lessons on the Origin, History, and Peculiarities 
of the English Language, Punctuation, Taste, the Pleasures of the 
Imagination, Figures, Style and its essential Properties, Criticism, 
and the various Departments of Prose and Poetical Composition. 
Illustrated with Copious Exercises. By G. P. QUACKENBOS, 
LL. D. 12mo, 450 pages. 
This work is an eminently clear and practical text-book, and embraces 
a variety of important subjects, which have a common connection and 
mutually illustrate each other ; but which the pupil has heretofore been 
obhgea to leave unlearned, or to search for among a number of different 
volumes. Claiming to give a comprehensive and practical view of our 
language in aii its relations, this " Advanced Course " views it as a whole, 
no less than with reference to the individual words composing it ; shows 
how it compares witn other tongues ; points out its beauties ; indicates 
how they may best be made available ; and, in a word, teaches ihe stu- 
dent the most philosophical method of digesting bis thoughts, as well as 
the most effective mode of expressing them. 

It teaches Rhetoric not merely theoretically, like the old text-books, 
but practically, illustrating every point with Exercises to be prepared by 
the student, which at once test Lis familiarity with the principles laid 
down, and unpress them on his mind so vividly that they can never be 
effaced. 

Hon. A. CoNSTANTiNE Barry, State Superintendent of the Common 
Schools of Wisconsin, in a Report to the Legislature of that State, uses 
the following strong language in relation to Qdackenbos's works on Com- 
position : 

" It would be difficult to point out in these admirable books any thing that we would 
desire to have altered ; they meet our wants in every respect, making no unreasonable 
draft on the time or patience of the teacher, and lea\Tng him no excuse for neglecting 
to make composition a regular study, even -with his younger classes. It is unnecessary 
to compare these books with others on the subject, for theke ake none that appkoach 
THEM in clearness, comprehensiveness, excellence of arrangement, and above all, in du-ect 
practical beaiing. Affording an insight into the mechanism of language, they will 
hardly fail to impart facility and grace of expression, and to inspu-e a love for the beautie* 
of literature." 

From Prof. John N. Pratt, of the University of Alabama. 

" I have been using Quackenbos on Composition and Rhetoric in the instruction of 

my classes it/ the University, and I am persuaded of its great excellence. The ' Fust 

Lessons in Composition,' by the same author, I regard as very useful for beginners. Of 

these two books, I can speak with the gi-eatest confidence, and I do most heartily 

BECOMAIBND THEII tO all." 



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First Lessons in Composition, 

In which the Principles of the Art are developed in connection with 
the Principles of Grammar ; embracing full Directions on the sub- 
ject of Punctuation ; with copious Exercises. By G. P. Quack- 
ENBOS, LL. D. 12mo, 182 pages. 

These " First Lessons " are intended for beginners in Grammar and 
Composition, and should be placed in their hands at whatever age it may 
be deemed best for them to commence these branches. By a succession 
of pleasing and ingenious exercises, they teach the young student the 
use of woi'ds, and enable him to express his thoughts chastely, forcibly, 
and elegantly, to analyze a subject properly, and to produce successively, 
after given models, letters, descriptions, narrations, biographical sketches, 
essays, and argumentative discourses. 

This work, immediately on its publication, came into general use, and 
its sale has been steadily increasing ever since. Many teachers who had 
not before made Composition a regular branch of their course, on account 
of its dryness, and the want of a proper text-book, found it so easy and 
pleasant with the aid of these *' First Lessons," that they at once intro- 
duced it, even among very young classes, with wonderful effect in devel- 
oping their intellectual powers. The Publishers have yet to learn the first 
place in which the work has not given entire satisfaction. 

From Tatler Lewis, LL. D., Prof, of Greek, Union College, Schenectady, K Y. 
"We cannot say that this book is the best of the kind, for tee have seen nothing like 
%1. It IS at the same tune a system of grammar and rhetoric. It commences with the 
alphabet, and ends with a brief, yet very clear and practical illustration of some of the 
hiK-hest rules of good writing. It may be studied by the child who has just learned to 
read, whi e, at the same time, it might be of no small service to many of the graduates 
oi our colleges." 

F)^om Richard S. James, PHncipal of High School, Xorristown, Ohio. 
" After a careful examination of the book, I am prepared to sav that I know of no 
work equal to it for simplicity of arrangement, correctness of definition, and adaptation 
to the wants of schools. It is the work." 

From G. W. Clarke, A. M., Anno. Prine. of 3ft. Washington Coll. Institute ^ K Y. 
" It is calculated, in my Anew (better than any similar work with which I am 
acquainted), to render a practical knowledge of the English tongue, both more easy to 
acquire and more easy to impart." 

From the late Rector of the Williamjilmrgh Grammar School. 
." ,^^'* *" elementary work on Composition, / knoto of ncn^ in any degree equal 

From Geo. E. Neff, A. M., Pre«. Soide Female College, Murfreeshoro\ Tenn. 
" It is the best school-book on this subject that I have seen ; I would not do without 
it lor any reasonable consideration." 



'-?■ 



p. 



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LtU'3Q 



